APPENDIX B 225 



bare necessities to be hardly purchasable, the people pay 1,250,000 

 Rubles for a cup of coifee. 



Greece : 



Since the introduction of coffee-houses into Greece, they have been 

 the common gathering places for men of all classes. These coffee- 

 houses have always been associated with political discussions. The 

 patrons of certain coffee-houses are decidedly in favor of conservative 

 viewpoints; while the patrons of others maintain very radical ideas. 

 It is possible to ascertain in a very short time what the sentiment 

 of a coffee-house is; and, if one finds himself opposed to this senti- 

 ment, it may be well for him to change coffee-houses in order to secure 

 greater peace and harmony. 



The Greeks have imitated the customs of the Turkish coffee- 

 house. One finds many of the Turkish terms used by the Greeks 

 themselves. The patrons call for their Solin {(to\vp aoXwes) 

 or Turkish Water Pipe, which they own individually and in 

 the ornamentation of which they often take great pride. Turkish 

 pastry is obtainable in the Greek coffee-houses. In the modern 

 coffee-houses, wines and beers are on sale, but they are much less 

 frequently ordered than black coffee. 



Italy : 



In Italy in 1625, liquid coffee was first sold in Rome. Coffee- 

 houses have existed in the cities of Italy since the middle of the 

 seventeenth century, but are not so typical and characteristic of the 

 people and the country as throughout the countries bordering on 

 the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. 



France : 



Although coffee was brought into France from Constantinople as 

 early as 1664 by De la Haye, a Frenchman, and by Pietro della 

 Valle, a Venetian, it was not until 1671 that coffee-houses were estab- 

 lished. The first one was opened in Marseilles. It became a gather- 

 ing place for merchants to smoke, and to discuss business and political 

 conditions. In the following year, the first coffee-house in Paris 

 was opened by an Armenian named Pascal. In 1675, a Frenchman, 

 Ettienne d'Alep, opened an Oriental Coffee-House in the Rue des 

 Italiennes. These coffee-houses, where black coffee and side dishes 



