confined to either the lower bole (fig. 7) or the upper bole (fig. 

 6), and (3) trees with reliable indicators occurring on both the 

 lower and the upper bole (fig. II4) • 



The number of cull indicators on a single tree is not consid- 

 ered as long as their location is noted. For exairple, two or more 

 indicators on the first 32-foot log or stump (figs. 10 and l5) indi- 

 cate no more cull than a single one (figs. 11 and 12). Likewise, 

 two or more indicators confined to the bole above the first 32-foot 

 log indicate the same cull per cent as a single indicator. 



Seeing more than one indicator on a tree is significant only 

 if they occur on both the lower and the upper bole (fig. lU) . 

 Whether the indicators are confined to the lower bole or confined to 

 the upper bole is not significant. The important thing is that they 

 are confined to one or the other and do not occur on both. 



Cull factors are also presented here for all trees with cull 

 indicators. If these factors are to be used, the cruiser needs only 

 to determine whether a tree has a reliable cull indicator. These 

 factors, however, will not show local differences in the same detail 

 that use of three separate categories will. The more general type 

 of indicator factor is not recommended when it is desirable to deter- 

 mine local stand variations in cull percentages. For entire 

 Southeast Alaska the more general factors would probably give the 

 same over -all results as the three separate ones. 



CULL FACTORS 



The cull factors are given in tables ^ through 8 by U-inch 

 d.b.h. classes for trees from 11 inches to the maximum sizes studied 

 in each species. The values in the tables were read from smoothed 

 curves. If d.b.h. classes other than those given are desired, the 

 values may be determined by interpolation or by replotting the 

 curves and reading off the intermediate values. 



Flat factors 



Table 5 gives flat cull factors for Sitka spruce, western 

 hemlock, and western redcedar. These factors are based on all trees 

 studied, and they represent the average cull in each diameter class 

 regardlessof cause or association with cull indicators. For each 

 tree species, there are factors that apply to board- foot and factors 

 that apply to cubic -foot gross volumes. The factors are for c\all in 

 the main bole from the stump to the utilized top and to a fixed top. 

 Separate factors are included also for cull in the stump. Stiimp 

 factors apply only to the gross cubic-foot volume of a cylinder the 

 length of the stump and equal in diameter to the top of the stump. 

 Taper in the rot column in the stump was disregarded in the same 

 manner as the taper in the stump itself. 



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