(5) Rotten stubs — (old dead tops or twin boles) protruding from 

 the lox\rer main bole (fig. l5). 



(6) Rotten burls or cankers — caused by dwarf mistletoe on the 

 main bole (fig. 13). 



Western redcedar 



(1) Sucker limbs — of bayonet type (fig. l8). 



(2) Scars — any cause, when on the main bole, 



(3) Dead side or dead strip — where part of the cambium is 

 killed. 



(k) Rotten burls — on the main bole. 



I'Je found no conks on living cedar trees j if any associated with 

 decay are encovmtered, however, they should be considered cull 

 indicators. 



Non-indicators of cull 



Certain injuries or other evidence considered as possible indi- 

 cators were found not to indicate appreciable amounts of cull. They 

 were called non-indicators. Those recorded on the study trees for 

 each species were: 



Sitka spruce — dead or spike tops, large dead branches, large 



or sucker-type limbs, scaly bark, knobby or rough boles, dead 



side, forked tops, and conks more than 1 foot from the bole 

 on branches. 



Western hemlock — dead or broken tops, dead side, sucker- type 

 limbs, large mistletoed limbs (fig. 19), black knots (fig. 20), 

 sound burls (fig. 21), scaly bark, forked tops, and conks 

 (except those of Fome s robustus ) more than 1 foot from the 

 bole on branches. 



Western redcedar — dead or spike tops (fig. l8), broken tops, 

 forked tops, and sound burls. 



How to use the indicators 



In order to use the cull indicator factors properly, the 

 cruiser must recognize the reliable indicators of cull and differen- 

 tiate them from the non-indicators. 



The cruiser should classify all trees on his sample strips or 

 plots in one of the following three categories: (l) trees with no 

 reliable indicators of cull, (2) trees with reliable indicators 



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