CULL INDICATORS 



The amount of cull in individual trees not only varies between 

 tree species and diameter, but also within a given diameter class of 

 a single species. Much of this variation can be detected in standing 

 trees by the recognition of reliable indicators on the individual 

 trees (figs. 6 - 18). 



Reliable indicators of cull 



In the analysis of the possible cull indicators the following 

 were found to be external indicators of significant amounts of cull in 

 the trees: 



Sitka spmice 



(1) Conks — of Fomes pinicola (fig. 6), F, pini (fig. 7), 



F. annosus , Polyporus sulphureus ( fig , 8 ) , P. schweinitzii 

 Tfig» 9) J Trametes heteromorpha , or Armillaria mellea . 

 ¥e found no conks of F. nigrolimitatus on live trees; if 

 they are encountered, however, they should be considered an 

 indicator of cull. 



(2) Swollen knots — caused by F. pini . 



(3) Scars — caused by logging injury, falling-tree wounds, fire, 

 or any serious injury exposing heartwood in the main bole 

 below the merchantable top (fig. 10). 



(k) Frost cracks--in the main bole (fig. 11). 



(5) Rotten stubs — (old dead tops or twin boles) protruding from 

 the lower main bole. 



(6) Rotten burls or cankers — from any cause and on the main bole. 

 Western hemlock 



(1) Conks — of Fomes pinicola (fig. lU), F. annosus , F. appla - 

 natus (fig. 15), F. robustus (fig. 1^), Polyporus sulphureus 

 (fig. 17), P. schweinitzii , Armillaria mellea , or Pholiota 

 adiposa . 



(2) Swollen knots — caused by F. pini . 



(3) Scars — caused by logging, falling- tree wounds, fire, or any 

 serious injury exposing heartwood in the main bole below the 

 merchantable top (fig. 12). 



(U) Frost cracks — in the main bole (fig. lii) . 



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