spring, and logging, when at full volume in early winter, employed 

 probably 500 horses and 1,500 men. At one point or another cutting 

 was carried on throughout most of the year. The camps were sup- 

 plied from several different directions and were loosely bound to- 

 gether by a system of roads and telephone lines. 



CONDITIONS AT THE START. 



In an established business of this kind forestry could occupy at the 

 start only a secondary place. This fact was especially clear with 

 regard to two important matters — the volume of the cut and the 

 organization of the logging force. 



The volume of the cut was determined by market and financial con- 

 ditions, and it was approximately the same from year to year. All 

 operations of the company had been accommodated to it, and this 

 condition the forester could not expect to alter. 



Almost as firmly intrenched was the personnel of the logging force. 

 The men doing the actual labor of the woods were of the usual lumber- 

 man type, and in them no sudden improvement could be expected. 

 In its woods foremen the company was, from the logging view point, 

 decidedly strong, and in its employ were a number of very effective 

 men who had risen from the ranks through their energy and capacity; 

 but the}' were, on the other hand, from the forester's view point, pos- 

 sessed of very decided drawbacks. They were naturally suspicious of 

 new ideas and methods and were apt to despise small things. 



The position of the forester in these circumstances was not an easy 

 one. Forestry had to be recognized as secondary, and the forester's 

 work had to be done largely in indirect ways. To carry out S3 T stemat- 

 ically any scheme based upon his ideas was impossible, and all that 

 could be done was to strike for one or two things at a time and to 

 work them out on the ground as best he might. 



WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. 



, With these conditions at the start, the following improvements 

 may be said to have been due directly to the application of practical 

 forestry to the company's tract: 



(1) Increased economy in utilizing the stock of timber standing on 

 the land. 



(2) A system of cutting adapted to the land, the timber, and the 

 business organization, and at the same time directed toward the pro- 

 motion of future growth. 



(3) The heading off of a big insect depredation. 



(4) A map system devised, and in large measure carried out, which 

 renders it possible to handle a large land property with far more 

 economy and effect than could otherwise be done. 



[Cir. 131] 



