12 



The contractor in laying out and cutting roads, in felling, and in all other operations, 

 shall use all reasonable care in protecting from damage all spruce and fir trees that 

 are smaller than contract timber. To this end he shall instruct his employees and 

 give them diligent supervision. When trees under contract size are broken or cut 

 down of necessity, they shall be hauled, down to the size of 5 inches in diameter at 

 the top and 16 feet long. 



The timber shall be sawed down, and the saw shall be used in cutting off logs except 

 the top cut. 



All trees shall be cut as near the ground as the swell of the roots admit, the snow 

 being removed, if necessary, to effect this result. 



Trees shall be run up to 5 inches in the top. 



All fir logs shall be cut sound at both ends. 



No logs more than 40 feet long shall be hauled. Crooked logs that are longer than 

 that shall be cut in the crook. From straight trees over 40 feet long and under 52 a 

 12-foot top shall be taken; all over that shall be cut with a butt log 40 feet long. 



No merchantable spruce shall be used for camp buildings or for firewood. No 

 spruce or fir trees shall be used for roads, bridges, bedding, skids, slides, or other pur- 

 poses when other material is to be obtained. When so used they shall, if of mer- 

 chantable size, be hauled in. 



For all trees left lodged, for all logs left in the woods, for all waste in stump and top, 

 for all merchantable timber left in yards, roads, or bridges, the contractor agrees to 

 pay at the rate of dollars per thousand. 



Any differences of opinion as to the operations carried on under this contract that 



can not be adjusted by the parties to it shall be adjusted by — , whose 



decision shall be binding and conclusive upon them. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS CHECKED. 



At the time the writer first entered the upper Androscoggin basin, 

 the country south of the Rangeley lakes was practically free from 

 insect depredations. North of the lake system, however, damage in 

 many places was severe. The best field for insects was in the virgin 

 timber, and much of great value was either involved or threatened. 

 The insect which caused the damage was a small, black beetle that 

 killed the trees by cutting channels in the inner bark. Ordinarily 

 the insects spread from one tree to others in its neighborhood, and 

 thus clumps of dead or infected timber would be scattered over a 

 valley. It was only occasionally that young broods spread far from 

 their base. This was clearly shown by the fact that bodies of timber 

 which were separated from the infested places by areas of cut-over 

 lands had escaped attack. Even the width of Parmachenee Lake 

 had long proved an effective barrier, though the insects finally 

 attacked the fine timber on its western shore. 



The chief measure of relief a was plain — to cut and drive the dead 

 and infested timber, in order both to save the lumber and to drown 

 the beetles. The company, of course, could not send crews over its 

 vast holdings to search for small clumps of dead and infested trees; 



a Recommended in Bulletin 28. new series, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture. 

 [Cir. 131] 



