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3 
is repeated and layers of trees are put in until all have been heeled 
jin. (See fig. 1.) 
In the case of conifers care should be taken not to bury the foliage, 
and either to cheose a shady place for the young trees or to construct 
a shade over them with brush or laths. 
: TRANSPLANTING IN NURSERIES. 
With most species, especially with conifers, where seeds are planted 
in beds, it is necessary to transplant a portion of the young seedlings 
to nursery rows when they are one or two years old. This stimu- 
lates the growth of small roots, makes the plants much more vigor- 
ous than others of the same age not transplanted, and helps them to 
establish themselves better when permanently set out. 
When the seedlings are dug from the seedbed they should be 
dipped in a puddle and immediately be set in the nursery rows, or, 
if delay is necessary, 
they should be laid, 
roots together, in 
piles of a hundred 
or more, and the 
roots should be cov- 
ered with wet blan- 
kets or with a few 
shovelfuls of fresh 
earth. 
In ordinary nurs- 
eries which are to be 
cultivated by hand 
the rows for coni- 
Fic. 1.—Heeling in young trees. fers should be 1 foot 
apart and those for broadleaf trees 2 feet apart. Coniferous seed- 
lings should be set 4 inches apart in the row and broadleaf seedlings 
about 6 inches apart. All plants should be set from 1 to 2 inches 
deeper in the rows than they grew in the seedbed. If the seedbeds 
are not wanted for another planting, the seedlings to be transplanted 
may be taken out in such a way that thrifty plants will be left with 
the same intervals as in the nursery rows. They should then be cared 
for the same as transplants. 
Some trees, like the oaks, the walnut, and the catalpa, form long, 
fleshy taproots during the first season, with few lateral roots. This 
form of root is sometimes very troublesome to transplant. Before 
setting such plants in the nursery rows from one-fourth to one- 
third of the taproots should be cut off. A bundle of a hundred or 
more plants may be laid across a log and their taproots cut off with 
a sharp axe. Cire must be taken not to bruise the part of the 
[Cir. 61] 
