SUBSECT. CONTORTAE Little & Critehfield ~ 
Pinus banksiana Lamb. MAP 56 
jack pine 
Pinus banksiana Lamb., Descr. Genus Pinus 
Le Fs Tee iat 1tetO) 3}. 
Primarily a Canadian species, jack pine extends from 
north of 65° N. latitude along the Mackenzie River in west- 
ern Canada south and east to the Lake States, northern New 
York and New England, and the Maritime Provinces of 
Canada. In Alberta, where this species overlaps the closely 
related Pinus contorta, natural hybridization is common (Moss 
1949, Mirov 1956). 
Additional sources: 
Published—Baldwin 1961 (N.H.); Bentley and Smith 
1960 (N.S.); Rudolf and Schoenike 1963 (U.S.); Rudolph, 
Libby, and Pauley 1957 (Minn.); Schoenike 1962 (Minn.). 
Thesis—Roland E. Schoenike 1962. Natural variation 
in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. 
Minn., 252 pp., illus. 
Unpublished—T. C. Brayshaw and A. E. Porsild 1964 
(Canada); E. W. Littlefield 1952 (N.Y.). 
Pinus contorta Dougl. MAP 56 
lodgepole pine 
Pinus contorta Doug]. ex Loud., Arb. Frut. Brit. 
e292 es 22 1022111838. 
One of the most widespread of the American pines, lodge- 
pole pine extends from central Yukon in western Canada 
south to southern Colorado and northern Baja California. 
Within these limits lodgepole pine grows at a wider range of 
elevations than any other pine. Common just above sea 
level along the Pacific coast, it reaches about 11,000 feet in 
the southern Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. The 
morphological diversity of this wide-ranging species has been 
investigated by Critchfield (1957). 
The known range of lodgepole pine in western Canada 
has only recently been extended to the Mackenzie District, 
where it has been found in the Liard Mountains and else- 
where in the southwestern part of the district (Jeffrey 1959; 
T. C. Brayshaw and A. E. Porsild, personal communication, 
1964) . Another outlier, in the Birch Mountains of northeast- 
ern Alberta, was also discovered recently (A. H. Marsh, per- 
sonal communication, 1964) . 
The only close relative of lodgepole pine in western 
North America is Pinus banksiana. The two overlap and 
hybridize in Alberta (see P. banksiana), and introgression 
into lodgepole pine is likely (Mirov 1956; Critchfield 1957). 
Additional sources: 
Published—Jeffrey 1959 
(Oreg.). 
Unpublished—T. C. Brayshaw and A. E. Porsild 1964 
(Canada); J. F. Franklin 1964 (One; Wash.)i:) J. de. eee 
son 1963 (Calif., Oreg.); F. D. Johnson 1964 (Idaho); A. 
Marsh 1963 (Alta.); O. V. meters [964 (Oren. |G O! cae 
1964 (Calif.) . 
(Canada); Leiberg 1900b 
*Subsect. Pinus subgen. Pinus sect. Pinus subsect. Contortae Little 
& Critchfield, subsect. nov. Folia 2 in fasciculo, brevia (2-9 cm. longe) , 
hypodermide biforme, ductis resiniferis maxime ex parte medialibus. 
Ramuli verni multinodales. Strobili parvi (3-8 cm. longe) , symmetricales 
vel obliqui, plerumque clausi vel serotini aperti, longe  persistentes, 
squamae plerumque cum aculeo persistente. Holotypus: Pinus contorta 
Dougl. ex. Loud., Arb. Frut. Brit. 4: 2292, fig. 2210-2211. 1838. 
Pinus virginiana Mill. MAP 57 
Virginia pine see also Map 
Pinus virginiana Mill., Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, 
Pinus No. 9. 1768 
Virginia pine is widespread in and near the Appalachian 
Mountains and the Piedmont region east the Appalachians, 
ranging from Long Island, New York, south and east to cen- 
tral Alabama, western Tennessee, and southern Indiana and 
Ohio. It is separated from the closely related Pinus clausa 
about 200 miles. 
by a 100-mile gap and from P. banksiana 
Additional source: 
Published—Ross 1951 (Ind.) 
Pinus clausa (Chapm.) Vasey MAP 57 
sand pine (see also Map 5 
Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg., 
U. S. Census, 10th, 1880, v. 9 (Rpt. Forests 
No. Amer.): 199. 1884. 
Sand pine grows on the sandy plains of Florida, just 
extending into the southern tip of Alabama. It is separated 
from the southernmost outliers of its closest relative, Pinus 
virginiana, by about 100 miles. 
Additional source: 
Published—R. W. Cooper 1957. 
SUBSECT. OOCARPAE Little & Critchfield 
Pinus radiata D. Don MAP 58 
Monterey pine 
Pinus radiata D. Don, Linn. Soc. London Trans. 
442. 1836. 
The most widely planted of the pines, Monterey pine is 
restricted in nature to three coastal localities in central Cali- 
fornia. A related form; Pinus radiata var. binata Lemm., 
grows on Guadalupe Island, more than 150 miles from the 
coast of Baja California and nearly 500 miles from the nearest 
mainland population of P. radiata. Unlike mainland P. 
radiata, the island form grows at mederate elevations (1,300- 
4,000 feet according to Reid Moran, personal communica- 
tion, 1961). On the mainland, P. radiata occurs with P. at- 
tenuata and P. muricata and is reported to hybridize occasion- 
ally with both (Stebbins 1950, p. 209-210). 
Additional source: 
Unpublished—Reid Moran 1961 (Guadalupe Island) . 
Pinus attenuata Lemm. MAP 58 
knobcone pine 
Pinus attenuata Lemm., Mining and Sci. Press 
64: 45. 1892. 
Knobcone pine, remarkable for its universally closed 
cones, is distributed patchily at low and middle elevations in 
the mountains of California and southwestern Oregon, with 
a single known locality in northern Baja California. It over- 
laps the closely related coastal species, Pinus radiata, at 
place in central California, and occasional natural hybrids 
have been observed in this locality (Stebbins 1950, p. 209 
9Subsect. Pinus subgen. Pinus sect. Pinus subsect 
& Critchfield, subsect. nov. Folia plerumque 3 (2-5) in fas 
dermide plerumque biforme, ductis resiniferis maxime ex 
bus, interdum internalibus vel septalibus. Ramuli verni m: dales vel 
uninodales. Strobili plerumque obliqui, clausi, longe persistentes, squamac 
cum aculeo vel protuberantes. Holotypus: P Schiede it 
Schlecht., Linnaea 12: 491 IS3s 
