ns Lamb. MAP 43 
n pine 
bungens Lamb., Ann. Bot. 2: 198. 1805. 
\fountain pine is largely confined to the Appala- 
untains of eastern United States from eastern and 
“ansyivania southwest to eastern Tennessee and 
ern South Carolina, with outposts in Kentucky and 
n Georgia. This species is remarkable among the 
pines of this series for its heavily armed cones. 
Pinus elliottii Engelm. MAP 45 
slash pine 
Pinus elliottti Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. 
4: 186, t. 1-3. 1880. 
Slash pine is restricted to the Coastal Plain of southeast- 
ern United States from southern South Carolina to southern 
Florida, including the Florida Keys, and west to southeastern 
Louisiana. A major constituent of the lower Coastal Plain 
pine forests, slash pine has two geographical varieties, both 
mapped. South of the widespread typical variety, (var. el- 
liotti), South Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa 
Little & Dorman) extends through central and southern 
Florida to the Keys. This species is separated from the nearest 
stands of the closely related P. caribaea, on Grand Bahama 
Island, by about 70 miles. 
Among the several related pines with which it is as- 
sociated, slash pine is believed to hybridize naturally with 
Pinus palustris (Mergen 1958). Perry and Wang (1957) have 
speculated that P. elliottii var. densa, notable for the modified 
grass stage of its seedlings, may have originated through in- 
trogressive hybridization of these two species. 
Additional sources: 
Published—Little and 
(Fla.). 
Dorman 1954; Langdon 1963 
Pinus caribaea Morelet MAP 46 
Caribbean pine 
Pinus caribaea Morelet, Rev. Hort. Céte d’Or 
LO als oil: 
Caribbean pine occurs on several of the Bahama Islands, 
in Pinar del Rio Province of western Cuba, on the Isle of 
Pines, and along the Caribbean seaboard of Central America 
from British Honduras to Nicaragua. As formerly inter- 
preted, this species included slash pine of the southeastern 
United States, now considered distinct as P. elliottii (Little 
and Dorman 1954). 
In its island distribution the only other pine with which 
Caribbean pine is associated is Pinus tropicalis—in western 
Cuba and on the Isle of Pines. In interior Honduras and 
Nicaragua, its range overlaps that of P. oocarpa. The inland 
form of P. caribaea in this region tends to resemble P. oocarpa, 
suggesting the possibility of natural hybridization (Denevan 
1961, p. 276; L. Williams 1955). 
The southernmost outlier of Pinus caribaea on the east 
coast of Nicaragua, near the town of Bluefields, is the most 
southerly locality reached by any pine in the Western Hemi- 
sphere. 
The presence of Pinus cavibaca in Quintana Roo, Mexico 
(Standley and Steyermark 1958), has not been verified and is 
not shown on the map, 
Sources: 
Published—Barrett and Golfari 1962; Denevan 1961 
(Nicaragua); Directorate of Overseas Surveys 1958 (British 
Honduras); Helbig 1957 and 1959 (Honduras); Little and 
Dorman 1954 (Bahama Islands); Lundell 1961 (Guatemala); 
March 1949 (Bahama Islands); Marie-Victorin and Léon 1942 
(Cuba) ; E. E. Smith 1954 (Cuba); Standley and Steyermark 
1958 (Guatemala). 
16 
Thesis—Jeffrey Radley 1960. The physical geography 
of the east coast of Nicaragua. M.A. thesis, Univ. of Calif., 
Berkeley, Calif., 188 pp., illus. 
Unpublished—C. L. Ludwig (undated map of Guate- 
mala) . 
Pinus occidentalis Sw. MAP 46 
West Indian pine 
Pinus occidentalis Sw., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 103. 1788. 
This species is restricted to the island of Hispaniola, 
where it is the only pine, and the Sierra Maestra of eastern 
Cuba. It grows at a wide range of elevations, but is more 
common at high elevations. 
Sources: 
Published—Ciferri 1936 (Dominican Republic); Denevan 
1961 (Haiti); E. E. Smith 1954 (Cuba); Street 1960 (Haiti). 
Pinus cubensis Griseb. MAP 46 
Cuban pine 
Pinus cubensis Griseb., Amer. Acad. Mem., 
Ser. 2, 8: 530. 1862. 
This low-elevation pine is limited to the eastern part of 
Oriente Province, Cuba. It may extend to the Sierra Maestra 
of this province, where the closely related Pinus occidentalis 
is widespread, but this extension has not been verified (E. E. 
Smith 1954) and is not shown on the map. 
Source: 
Published—E. E. Smith 1954. 
SUBSECT. PONDEROSAE Loud. 
Pinus ponderosa Laws. MAP 47 
ponderosa pine 
Pinus ponderosa Laws., Agr. Man. 354. 1836. 
Ponderosa pine, including its variants Pinus ponderosa 
var. scopulorum Engelm. and P. ponderosa var. arizonica 
(Engelm.) Shaw (P. arizonica Engelm.), extends from south- 
ern British Columbia east to southwestern North Dakota and 
central Nebraska, and south to southern California, northern 
Durango, and San Luis Potosi. Within this enormous range 
this variable yellow pine is unexplainably absent from a large 
area that includes southern Idaho, western Wyoming, south- 
western Montana, and part of the Great Basin. In California 
ponderosa pine extends south almost to the Mexican border 
but has not been found in northern Baja California (Dufheld 
and Cumming 1949). 
In the Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico, 
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica grows with other yellow pines 
(P. engelmanni, P. durangensis) which link the P. ponderosa 
complex to the group of yellow pines concentrated in central 
Mexico (P. montezumae, P. pseudostrobus, and others). In 
California ponderosa pine is associated with P. jeffrey: at 
upper elevations, and the two hybridize in nature (Haller 
1962). Ponderosa pine may also intergrade with P. washoen- 
sis (Haller 1961). 
Our map is based primarily upon a detailed map of the 
species prepared by R. Z. Callaham. 
Additional sources: 
Published—Ayres 1900a and 1900b (Mont.); Bailey and 
Bailey 1941; Costello and Schwan 1946 (Colo.); Deaver and 
Haskell 1955 (Ariz.); Haller 1962 (Calif.); Johnston 1943 
(Coah.) ; Leiberg 1900b (Oreg.), 1904a (Mont.); J. T. Mar- 
shall 1957 (Son., Chih.) ; Merriam 1893 (Nev.); Potter and 
Green 1964 (N. Dak.); Rogers 1953; G. C. Rzedowski 1960 
(S.L.P.); J. Rzedowski 1956 (S.L.P.); Sudworth 1900a and 
1900b (Colo.); ‘Townsend 1895 (N. Mex.); Zobel and Cech 
1957 QNDE 
