mensis Hayata MAP 36 
ad pine 
iavwanensis Hayata, Tokyo Col. Sci. Jour. 
30)(Axcts I) 307. LOE 
»ine grows at middle and high elevations in the 
is of central Taiwan. It is closely related to Pinus 
nsis, of the Ryukyu Islands northeast of Taiwan, and 
vangshanensis, of mainland China. 
Source: 
Unpublished—Forest Research Institute, Taiwan, to N. 
Tr. Mirov 1961. 
Pinus luchuensis Mayr MAP 36 
Luchu pine 
Pinus luchuensis Mayr, Bot. Centralbl. 
58: 149, fig. 1894. 
This low-elevation species is confined to the Ryukyu 
Islands between Japan and Taiwan. It is the only pine on 
the islands from Yonaguni, the southwesternmost of the 
Ryukyus, to Amami-Oshima, northeast of Okinawa. This 
species is also the only pine on the Tokara Islands north of 
Amami-Oshima according to Wilson (1920), but Hayashi 
(1952) reports that Pinus thunbergiana occurs as far south as 
Takara, one of the southernmost islands of this group (see 
map 34). 
Sources: 
Published—Wilson 1920. 
Unpublished—F. R. Fosberg 1963; S. Hatusima 1962; E. 
H. Walker 1963. 
Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia MAP 36 
Hwangshan pine 
Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia in ‘Tsoong, Peiping 
Natl. Acad. Inst. Bot. Contrib. 4: 155. 1936. 
This pine has a discontinuous distribution in the higher 
mountains of eastern and central China, extending from 
Chekiang and Anhwei west to Hupeh and Kweichow and 
south to Fukien and Hunan. For many years this species 
was confused with P. tabulaeformis of northern and western 
China (e.g., Law 1947), although it appears to be much more 
closely related to P. luchuensis, the low-elevation pine of the 
Ryukyu Islands. 
Source: 
Published—Wu 1963. 
Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. MAPS 37 AND 38 
Chinese pine 
Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., Traité Gen. Conif. 
Bai yo lONeL8 67: 
This widespread and variable pine occupies a broad, dis- 
continuous belt in China from southeastern Tibet and north- 
ern Yunnan to Inner Mongolia, southern Manchuria, and 
Shantung. It usually grows at moderate elevations, and is 
one of the characteristic trees of the isolated mountain ranges 
in the semiarid northwest of China. The common form of 
this species at high elevations in western Szechuan and north- 
ern Yunnan is Pinus tabulaeformis var. densata (Mast.) Rehd. 
Wu (1947: see Thesis below) has suggested that this variant 
may be a natural hybrid between P. tabulaeformis and P. 
yunnanensis, Dut it extends at least 100 miles north and 
northwest of the northern limits of P. ywnnanensis (Cheng 
1939, Ku and Cheo 1941). 
Sources: 
Published—Cheng 1939 (Szechuan); Chow 1947 (Kansu) ; 
Clark and Sowerby 1912 (Shansi); Cowdry 1922 (Hopeh) ; 
Fox 1949 (Inner Mongolia); Handel-Mazzetti 1927 and 1929- 
1936 (Yunnan, Szechuan); Hao 1938 (Kansu); Hers 1922 
(Honan); Hu 1935 (Honan); Kabanoyv 1962; Ku and Cheo 
1941 (Szechuan); Kung and Wang 1934 (Hopeh) ; Limpricht 
1922; Liou 1931 (Hopeh); Liu 1928 (Hopeh); Marquand 
1929 (Tibet); Orr 1933 (Yunnan); Rehder 1923; Rehder 
and Wilson 1929 (Kansu); Rock 1933 (Kansu); H. Smith 
1925 (Shansi); Takahasi 1936 (Hopeh), 1944 (Liaoning); 
Wang 193 \(Shans1); Waylor ) 1947 @uibes) sa. Memneualoay 
(Kansu) ; Walker 1941 (Kansu, Inner Mongolia); Wang 1961; 
Ward 1936b and 1941a (Tibet); Wilson 1913 (Szechuan); 
Wu 1956; Yang 1937 (Hopeh). 
Thesis—Chung-Lwen Wu 1947. The phytogeographical 
distribution of pine in China. M.F. thesis, Yale Univ., 74 
pp. ilus. 
Unpublished—Wang Chi-Wu 1964 (Hopeh) . 
Pinus yunnanensis Franch. MAP 37 
Yunnan pine 
Pinus yunnanensis Franch., Jour. de Bot. 13: 253, 1899. 
This pine is confined to Yunnan, southern Szechuan, and 
the western parts of Kwangsi and Kweichow. It is closely 
allied to Pinus insularis, which grows at generally lower ele- 
vations to the south and west of P. ywnnanensis, and to the 
variable P. tabulaeformis to the north. 
Sources: 
Published—Cheng 1939; Handel-Mazzetti 1927, 1929- 
1936; Hsu 1950; Ku and Cheo 1941; Rock 1947; Schweinfurth 
1957; Teng 1940; Wang 1961; Ward 1924; Wilson 1926. 
Unpublished—Wang Chi-Wu 1964. 
Pinus insularis Endl. MAP 38 
Khasi pine (see also Map 37) 
Pinus insularis Endl., Synops. Conif. 157. 1847. 
This pine grows in most of the higher parts of southeast 
Asia, from the Khasi Hills of Assam, India, the valleys of 
Zayul in southeastern Tibet, and southwestern Yunnan, to 
the highlands of southern Vietnam and the mountains of 
northern Luzon in the Philippine Islands. Its distribution is 
incompletely known in many parts of southeastern Asia, es- 
pecially the mountains of Laos and northern Vietnam. The 
limits of the species in China are uncertain because of its 
close similarity to Pinus yunnanensis. Wu (1956) considered 
the two a single species, but we have followed the usage of 
most of the botanists familiar with them in the field and 
treated them separately (Handel-Mazzetti 1929-1936; Wang 
1961; Wilson 1926). Intermediates have been reported be- 
tween this species and the allied P. merkusi in the Zambales 
region of Luzon (Perkins 1904) . 
Sources: 
Published—Biswas 1933; Bor 1938 (Assam); Bui 1962 
(Laos) ; Philippine Islands, Bureau of Forestry, 1935 (Luzon) ; 
Burkill 1924 (Burma, Yunnan); Chevalier 1919 (Vietnam); 
Credner 1935 (Thailand); Deb 1960 (Manipur); Ferrars 1875 
(Burma) ; Fischer 1938 (Assam); Foxworthy 1911 (Luzon); 
Handel-Mazzetti 1929-1936 (Yunnan); Larsen 1962 (Thai- 
land); J. G. F. Marshall 1901" (@hailand) = “Men illgg22 
(Luzon); Milton 1960 (Burma); Ogawa et al. 1961 (Thai- 
land); Pendleton 1962 (Thailand); Rao and Panigrahi 1961 
(Assam); Schweinfurth 1957 | (Wibet); PB. Simei si 
(Burma) ; Suvatabandhu 1961 (Thailand); Teng 1948 (Yun- 
nan); Troup 1921 (India, Burma); Vidal 1960 (Laos); Wang 
1961 (Yunnan); Ward 1934 (Tibet), 1936a (Assam), 1941c 
(Burma), 1949 (Burma), 1952a (Manipur), 1959 (Burma) ; 
Whitford 1911 (Luzon); Wilson 1926 (Yunnan, Burma). 
Unpublished—M. Schmid to N. T. Mirov 1961 (Viet- 
nam); Silviculturist, Burma, 1963 (Burma); Wang Chi-Wu 
1964 (Yunnan). 
