Pinus brutia or one of its variants has long been thought 
to occur naturally in Iran and Afghanistan, and Papaioan- 
nou’s map of the distribution of this species (in Nahal 1962b) 
shows it in these countries. Planted in both countries, it is 
especially common in Afghanistan (Aitchison 1891, Clarke 
1957). But comparatively intensive recent botanical explora- 
tions of these two countries have failed to find any natural 
stands of this pine (Bobek 1951; Kitamura 1960; Linchevsky 
and Prozorovsky 1949; Zohary 1963; J. Papajoannou, personal 
communication, 1964). Aitchison (1891) attempted to track 
down rumors of natural forests of this pine, but found only 
planted trees. The source of seed of this common Afghanistan 
pine remains an intriguing question, since the nearest natural 
stands of the species are almost 1,000 miles from Afghanistan. 
Sources: 
Published—Akademia Nauk, SSSR, 1954 (U.S.S.R.); 
Alemdag 1962 (Turkey); Bernhard 1931 (Turkey) ; Chatur- 
vedi 1961 (Syria); Czeczott 1954; Feinbrun 1959 (Lebanon) ; 
Giordano 1962a (Lebanon); Heske 1954 (Turkey), 1959a 
(Greece) , 1959b (Iraq) ; Kayacik 1954 (Turkey) ; Ketskhoveli 
1960) (U:S:S:R.); Maleéjeff 1929 (U.S.S.R.); Nahal 1962a 
(Syria); Radde 1899 (U.S.S.R.); Rechinger 1951 (Greece) ; 
Rubner and Reinhold 1953 (U.S.S.R.); Selik 1959 (Turkey). 
Unpublished—General Director of Forestry, Turkey, 
1964; H. Kayacik 1964 (Turkey); E. D. Michaelides 1961 
(Cyprus) ; J. Papajoannou 1964. 
Pinus sylvestris L. 
Scotch pine 
Pinus sylvestris L., Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753. 
The most widely clistributed of the pines, Scotch pine 
grows throughout northern Eurasia from Scotland, southern 
Spain, northern Greece, and northern Turkey to northern 
Manchuria and the Sea of Okhotsk. In Europe it is associated 
with several related species, including Pinus mugo and P. 
nigra. A principal source of information for our map is the 
excellent distribution map by Steven and Carlisle (1959) . 
Sources: 
MAP 32 
Published—Akademia Nauk, SSSR, 1954 (U.S.S.R.); 
Bernhard 1931 (Turkey); Cermak et al. 1955 (Czechoslo- 
vakia) ; Coutinho 1939 (Portugal); Fekete and Blattny 1913- 
1914; Fenzel 1932-1933 (Manchuria); Gaussen 1953-1954 
(France), 1956 (France, Spain); Georgescu 1939 (Rumania) ; 
GulisaSvili 1951 (Transcaucasus) ; Heske 1954 (Turkey) ; Hes- 
mer and Feldman 1954 (West Germany); Hultén 1950 
(Northern Europe); Karlberg 1960 (Turkey) ; Kayacik 1954 
(Turkey) ; Ketskhoveli 1960 (Transcaucasus); Murzaev 1955 
(Manchuria); Rubner and Reinhold 1953 (Crimea); Seifriz 
1935 (Transcaucasus); Shimaniuk 1962 (Siberia); Stefanovi¢ 
1958 (Yugoslovia) ; Steven and Carlisle 1959; Touring Club 
Italiano 1958 (Alps) . 
Unpublished—S., Bialobok 1964 (Yugoslavia); H. Gaussen 
1964 (France); General Director of Forestry, Turkey, 1964; 
Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, Spain, 
1964; B. Kasapligil to N. T. Mirov 1961 (Turkey); H. Kayacik 
1964 (Turkey); JF. Lacaze 1964 (France); E. Magini to N. T. 
Miroy 1960 (Italy); R. Morandini 1964 (Italy) ; C. Moulopou- 
los 1964 (Greece); A. de Philippis 1961, 1964 (Italy); Pilar 
Rifé to N. T. Mirov 1961 (Spain); M. Vidakovic 1964 
(Yugoslavia); J. W. Wright 1960. 
Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zuce. MAP 33 
Japanese red pine 
Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., FI. Jap.°2s22, 
t. 112. 1844. 
Pinus densiflora, including P. funebris Komarov, is widely 
distributed in Japan from northern Honshu to Yaku Shima, 
south of Kyushu; from Korea to eastern Manchuria and ad- 
jacent U.S.S.R.; and on the Shantung Peninsula of China. 
Hayashi (1952) maps it at a single locality in southern 
Hokkaido, but this stand was probably planted (M. Kusaka, 
personal communication, 1964) and has been omitted from 
our map. The distribution of P. densiflora on the mainland 
of Asia, especially in southern Manchuria and eastern China, 
is still uncertain, partly because this species has been con- 
fused with several other east-Asian hard pines. Wu (1956) 
shows its range extending westward to include the Liaotung 
Peninsula of southern Manchuria, but Takahasi (1944) states 
that P. densiflora is confined to a small area in the southern 
part of eastern Manchuria. We have omitted the Liaotung 
region from the range shown on the map. 
Sources: 
Published—Akademia Nauk, SSSR, 1954 (U.S.S.R.); Fen- 
zel 1932-1933 (Manchuria) ; Hayashi 1952 (Japan); Liu 1928 
(Shantung); Loesener 1920 (Shantung); Uyeki 1926 (Korea). 
Unpublished—M. Kusaka 1964 (Hokkaido, Korea); N. 
T. Mirov 1961 (Korea). 
Pinus thunbergiana Franco MAP 34 
Japanese black pine 
Pinus thunbergiana Franco, Lisboa Inst. 
Super. Agron. An. 16: 130. 1949. 
Japanese black pine, a maritime species, grows on three 
of the principal islands of Japan—Honshu, Kyushu, and 
Shikoku—and in southern Korea. Its southern limit, accord- 
ing to Hayashi (1952), is Takara Island in the Tokara group 
at about 29° N. latitude, but Wilson (1920) reports that 
Pinus luchuensis is the only pine in this island group. P. 
thunbergiana is very similar to P. nigra of southern Europe 
and the Mediterranean region. This species was long known 
as P. thunbergii Parl. (not Lamb.) . 
Sources: 
Published—Hayashi 1952 (Japan); Uyeki 1926 (Korea). 
Pinus massoniana Lamb. MAP 35 
Masson pine 
Pinus massoniana Lamb., Descr. Genus Pinus 
175 t-b2, 1803: 
Pinus massoniana is widely distributed in China, ranging 
from Shantung, Kiangsu, and northern Taiwan west to 
Szechuan and south to northern Vietnam. A collection from 
the Amoy hills in Merrill’s list of Hainan plants (Merrill 
1927) is probably wrongly attributed to Hainan; F. P. Met- 
calf (1942) lists the same specimen for Fukien Province, 
where the city of Amoy is located. 
We have followed Wu (1956) in including here the little- 
known Pinus henry: Masters (P. henry 
(Masters) Wu). Shaw (1914) considered this pine, found 
in Hupeh and adjoining areas, a variant of P. tabulaeformrs. 
Pinus massoniana is widely planted, and through much of 
its range is the only species of pine present. On many of the 
mountains of eastern and central China it is replaced at 
higher elevations by P. hwangshanensis. 
Sources: 
Published—Bui 1962 (Vietnam); Cheng 1932. (Kwet- 
chow), 1939 (Szechuan); Handel-Mazzetti 1927 and 1929-1956 
(Kweichow) ; Law 1947 (Kiangsu); Liu et al. 1960 (Honan 
F. P. Metcalf 1942 (Fukien); Pendleton 1933 (Kwangtung); 
Steward and Cheo 1935 (Kwangsi):; Wang 1961; Wilson 1913 
(Hupeh); Wu 1956. 
Unpublished—Forest Research Institute, Taiwan, 
T. Mirov 1961 (Taiwan); Kuo Pao-chang 1963 (Shantung). 
massoniana var. 
