{—Forestry Research Institute, Rumania, 
irector of Forestry, Turkey, 1964; Instituto 
vestigaciones y Experiencias, Spain, 1962; B. 
. IT. Mirov 1961 (Turkey); H. Kayacik 1964 
Magini to N. T. Mirov 1960 (Italy); E. D. 
(961 (Cyprus); R. Morandini 1964 (Italy); A. de 
61 and 1964 (Italy); E. Rohrig 1964 (Austria) . 
sinus heldreichii Christ MAP 28 
leldreich pine 
Pinus heldreichii Christ, Naturf. Gesell. 
Basel Verhandl. 3: 549. 1863. 
This pine is confined to high elevations on the Balkan 
peninsula (central Yugoslavia to northern Greece and south- 
western Bulgaria) and in southern Italy. Since it is sometimes 
confused with its much more widespread associate, Pinus 
nigra, its range is not yet fully established. Within the past 
few years its known distribution in Montenegro (Laku&i¢ 
1961) and Serbia (ToSi¢ 1959) has been considerably en- 
larged. 
Sources: 
Published—Delevoy 1948; Fukarek 1941; Gourlay 1938 
(Greece) ; Heske 1959a (Albania); Jedlowski 1959 (Italy); 
Lakusié 1961 (Yugoslavia); Longhi 1956 (Italy); Markgraf 
1931; Tosié 1959 (Yugoslavia) . 
Unpublished—E. Magini to N. T. Mirov 1960 (Italy: 
Campania); C. Moulopoulos 1964 (Greece). 
Pinus mugo Turra MAP 29 
Swiss mountain pine 
Pinus mugo ‘Vurra, Gior. Ital. (Grisilini) 1: 152. 1764. 
Pinus mugo (P. montana Mill.) grows at high elevations 
in the mountains of central and southern Europe (Alps, 
Pyrenees, Carpathians, Balkans), ranging east and south to 
the U.S.S.R., Rumania, Bulgaria, and central Italy, north to 
Germany and Poland, and west to eastern Spain, where the 
species reaches its southern limit. It ranges in form from a 
dwarfed bush to a small tree. The tree form, which is preva- 
lent in the Pyrenees and the western Alps, is sometimes 
segregated as Pinus uncinata Ramond. The unusually com- 
plex nomenclature of this pine is based primarily on_ its 
variable growth form and cones (Willkomm 1861, Kirchner 
et al. 1908). 
Pinus mugo is associated with the closely related P. 
sylvestris in many parts of its range, and the two are believed 
to hybridize in nature (Fitschen 1930, p. 430). 
Sources: 
Published—Adamovié 1909; Akademia Nauk SSSR 1954 
(U.S.S.R.) ; Beck 1901 (Yugoslavia) ; Ceballos 1941 (Spain) ; 
- Cermak et al. 1955 (Czechoslovakia); Fekete and Blattny 
1913-1914; Fukarek 1959 (Yugoslavia); Gaussen 1923 
(France), 1956 (France, Spain); Giordano 1962b (Bulgaria) ; 
Kirchner et al. 1908; KoSanin 1929 (Yugoslavia) ; Markgrat 
1932 (Albania); Merxmiiller 1954; Scharfetter 1938 (Austria) ; 
Schmid 1949 (Switzerland); Touring Club Italiano 1958 
(Italy); Willkomm 1861. 
Unpublished—Forestry Research Institute, Rumania, 
1964; JF. Lacaze 1963 (France); R. Morandini 1964 (Italy) ; 
S. Bialobok 1964 (Poland). 
Pinus pinaster Ait. MAP 30 
maritime pine 
Pinus pinaster Ait., Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789. 
Maritime pine ranges from the Iberian peninsula (Spain, 
Portugal) through southern France to the west coast of Italy, 
12 
in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, and to the is- 
lands of Corsica and Sardinia. Its natural distribution has 
been somewhat obscured by the widespread planting of this 
species. We have excluded the extensive planted stands in 
southwestern France and northwestern Spain, but a portion 
of the distribution of this species in Portugal is certainly of 
artificial origin. 
Sources: 
Published—Comité de Geographie du Maroc 1957 (Mo- 
rocco); Desole 1960 (Sardinia); Gaussen (n.d.) (France, 
Spain) , 1953-1954 (France); Gaussen and Vernet (n.d.) (Al- 
geria, Tunisia); Guinier 1952; Rikli 1943-1946; Servicgo de 
Reconhecimento e de Ordenamento Agrario 1962 (Portugal) ; 
Touring Club Italiano 1931 (Italy). 
Unpublished—H. Gaussen 1964 (France); Instituto For- 
estal de Investigaciones y Experiencias 1962 (Spain); A. de 
Philippis 1961 and 1964 (Italy). 
Pinus halepensis Mill. MAP 31 
Aleppo pine 
Pinus halepensis Mill., Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, 
Pinus No. 8. 1768. 
Aleppo pine is widely distributed in the Mediterranean 
region, ranging from Morocco to Tunisia and Libya (Cyre- 
naica) in North Africa, with outliers extending to the northern 
edge of the Sahara Desert; from eastern Spain through south- 
ern France and Italy to the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia and 
to Greece; at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea from 
Israel and Jordan north to Turkey. Pinus brutia replaces 
this species in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean 
region, and the two are known to hybridize in the region of 
overlap (see P. brutia). The natural occurrence of P. 
halepensis on the island of Corsica is uncertain; Nahal 
(1962b) and H. Gaussen (personal communication, 1964) 
indicate that it occurs in one place, but Briquet (1910) states 
that it is not native to the island. 
Sources: 
Published—Beck 1901 (Yugoslavia); Comité de Geo- 
graphie du Maroc 1957 (Morocco); Feinbrun 1959 (Leb- 
anon); Francini 1953 (Italy); Gaussen 1953-1954 (France) ; 
Giordano 1962a (Lebanon); Heske 1959a (Greece) ; Kasapli- 
gil 1956 (Jordan); Kayacik 1954 (Turkey): Maire 1926 (AI- 
geria, Tunisia); Markgraf 1932 (Albania); Mikesell 1961 
(Morocco) ; Nahal 1962a (Syria), 1962b (France, Corsica); 
Touring Club Italiano 1931 (Italy); Turrill 1929 (Greece); 
Zohary 1947 (Israel, Jordan). 
Unpublished—Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y 
Experiencias, Spain, 1962; H. Kayacik 1962, 1964 (Turkey) ; 
H. G. Keith 1961 (Libya); E. Magini to N. T. Mirov 1960 
(Italy); R. Morandini 1964 (Italy); J. Papaioannou 1964 
(Greece); A. de Philippis 1961 and 1964 (Italy); M. Vidako- 
vic 1964 (Yugoslavia). 
Pinus brutia Ten. MAP 31 
Pinus brutia Ten., Prodr. Fl. Nap. Ixxii. 1811. 
This close relative of Pinus halepensis largely replaces 
that species in the eastern Aegean region, Turkey, the Levant, 
on the Mediterranean islands of Crete and Cyprus, and in 
the Black Sea region. The ranges of the two overlap in 
northeastern Greece, where they hybridize (Papajoannou 
1936), in the Levant (Feinbrun 1959, Nahal 1962a), and in 
southeastern Turkey (Kayacik 1954). 
Variants of Pinus brutia in the Black Sea region are 
sometimes called P. pithyusa Stev. and P. eldarica Medw._ P. 
pithyusa grows along the northern and northeastern shores 
of the Black Sea, P. eldavica on a single low mountain (Eilar- 
Ugi) in the central Transcaucasus. 
