Pinus roxburghii Sarg. MAP 24a 
chiy pine 
Pinus roxburghti Sarg., Silva No. Amer. 11: 9. 1897. 
This species, long known as P. longifolia Roxb., is con- 
fined to the monsoon belt of the outer Himalayas from Bhutan 
to the northeastern part of West Pakistan. It grows at low 
elevations (generally below 7,000 feet). Early reports to the 
contrary, it apparently has not been found in Afghanistan 
except in cultivation (Aitchison 1891). Its distribution in 
Nepal and Bhutan is only sketchily known. It has not been 
reported east of Bhutan, but this part of India is almost un- 
explored botanically (Schweinfurth 1957) . 
It is separated by more than 5,000 miles from its closest 
relative, Pinus canariensis. 
Sources: 
Published—Banerji 1958 (Nepal); Biswas 1933; Burkill 
1910 (Nepal); R. E. Cooper 1933 (Bhutan); Gammie 1898 
(India); Gorrie 1933 (India); Kawakita 1956 (Nepal); Malik 
1962 (Pakistan); Osmaston 1922 (India); Pirson 1962 
(India) ; Polunin 1950 (Nepal); Schweinfurth 1957; S. Singh 
1929 (Kashmir); Smith and Cave 1911 (Sikkim); Tilman 
1952- (Nepal); Troup 1921 (India); L. H. J. Williams 1953 
(Nepal). 
Unpublished—R. J. Rodin 1963 (Pakistan) . 
SUBSECT. PINEAE Shaw 
Pinus pinea L. MAP 25 
Italian stone pine 
Pinus pinca L., Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753. 
Italian stone pine is widespread on the Iberian peninsula 
(Spain and Portugal), ranges along the northern and eastern 
shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and occurs at a few places 
near the north coast of Turkey. It is the only Eastern Hemi- 
sphere species with cones that require three seasons to develop 
to maturity. It is also notable for its edible seeds, and has 
been widely planted for many centuries. Its natural range 1s 
highly uncertain (Rikli 1926) , but we have omitted those 
stands known to be artificial in origin, such as the well-known 
forest near Ravenna, Italy. 
Sources: 
Published—Briquet 1910 (Corsica); Buffault 1931 
(Greece) ; Chodat 1913 (Portugal); Feinbrun 1959 (Lebanon); 
Gaussen 1953-1954 (France); Heske 1959a (Albania); Holm- 
boe 1914 (Cyprus); Kayacik 1957 (Turkey); Knoche 1921 
(Balearic Islands); Philippson I8957(Greece)s 1919) (Turkey) 
Rechinger 1943 (Greece): Rikli 1926; Touring Club Italiano 
1958 (Italy); Turrill 1929. 
Unpublished—Director-General, Forest Services of Portu- 
gal, 1964; H. Gaussen 1964 (France); General-Director of 
Forestry, Turkey, 1964; Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones 
Vy Experiencias, pa 1962; B. Kasapligil to N. T. Mirov 
1961 (T urkey) ; Kayacik 1964 (Turkey); E. Magini to 
N. T. Mirov hie (Italy); C. Moulopoulos 1964 (Greece); A. 
de Philippis 1964 (Italy). 
SECT. PINUS 
SUBSECT. SYLVESTRES Loud. 
Pinus resinosa Ait. MAP 26 
red pine 
Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789 
from New- 
Pinus resinosa Ait., 
Red pine ranges through southern Canada 
foundland to southeastern Manitoba, and south through the 
Lake States and the northeastern United States, with outliers 
in Illinois and West Virginia. This species is the only rep- 
resentative of this typically Eurasian group of pines on the 
North American mainland. Its closest relative is probably 
Pinus nigra of southern Europe. 
Additional sources: 
Published—Brenneman 1956 (Ill.); Cook, Smith, and 
Stone 1952 (N.Y.) ; Haddow 1948a and 1948b (Ont.). 
Unpublished—T. C. Brayshaw and A. E. Porsild 1964 
(Canada) ; Gary Saunders (N.F.). 
Pinus tropicalis Morelet MAP 26 
tropical pine 
Pinus tropicalis Morelet, Rev. Hort. Cote d’Or 
Le? 106: W851 
This species is confined to the Isle of Pines and the low 
mountains of Pinar del Rio Province, western Cuba. It is 
separated from Pinus resinosa, the only other Western Hemi- 
sphere representative of this group, by more than a thousand 
miles. 
Sources: 
Published—E. E. Smith 1954; Marie-Victorin and Léon 
1942. 
Pinus nigra Arnold MAP 27 
Austrian pine 
Pinus nigra Arnold, Reise Mariazell 8, t. 1785. 
Austrian pine ranges widely through southern Europe 
from Spain to Austria and throughout much of the Balkan 
Peninsula, east to southern Russia and south to Turkey: on 
the islands of Cyprus, Sicily, and Corsica, with outliers in Al- 
geria and Morocco. Its variability in nature, recently de- 
scribed by Rohrig (1957), is reflected in the great taxonomic 
complexity of this species (Schwarz 1936). 
Austrian pine is Bee ociatha with several related species in 
various parts of its range, including the closely similar Pinus 
heldreichii and the widespread P. sylvestris. Within the 
limited range of P. heldreichii, that species and P. nigra are 
sometimes confused. 
Reports of Pinus nigra on the Mediterranean islands of 
Crete and Rhodes are apparently in error (Rechinger 1951). 
Sources: 
Published—Akademia Nauk SSSR 1954 (U.S.S.R.); Anié 
1957 (Yugoslavia): Bernhard 1931 (Turkey): Buftault 1931 
(Greece) ; Comité de Geographie du Maroc 1957 (Morocco) ; 
Debazac 1963 (France), 1964 (Corsica): Dudié 1953 (Yugo- 
slavia); Fekete 1959 (Rumania); Fekete and Blattny 1913-1914 
(Yugoslavia); Fukarek 1958; Gaussen (n.d.) and 1953-1954 
(France, Spain); Giacobbe 1937 (Italy); Heske 1954 (Tur- 
key), 1959a (Greece) ; Jovantevié 1961 (Yugoslavia) ; Kayacik 
1954 (Turkey): Kosanin 1929 (Yugoslavia) ; yore and 
Peverimhoff 1927 (Algeria); Markgraf 1932 Albania 
Miletié 1959 (Yugoslavia) ; Pejoski 1956 (Yugoslavia Philip. 
pson 1895 (Greece); Rechinger 1951 (Greece); Rubnet and 
Reinhold 1953, fig. 74 (Crimea): Salvador 1927 (Spain) 
Scharfetter 1988 (Austria); Vidakovié 1957 (Yugoslavia) 
