(Photo courtesy Pan American Union.) 
Figure 22.—Buttressed cedar (cedro) in Amazon lowlands. 
lower parts of the river is further complicated by 
the job of untying rafts at the fall line and floating 
the logs singly through the rapids. This process 
must be executed between high and low water stages 
of the river, otherwise the logs would be swept over 
the banks or hung up on the rocks. 
In the coastal rain forest, cables are used for 
skidding on steep mountains, and log transport 
from forest to mill is overland and for the few in- 
dustrial operations mostly by truck. 
In the Parana pine, because of the proximity of 
the forests to well-settled agricultural areas, labor 
and transportation generally present little difficulty 
to timber extraction (fig. 23). Well-equipped, 
rational logging operations have replaced the 
formerly prevailing destructive cutting methods 
FORESTS AND FOREST INDUSTRIES OF BRAZIL 
on tracts belonging to large industrial enterprises. 
Primitive, wasteful methods, however, still prevail 
with the small logging operations supplying the 
numerous small sawmills that change location as 
cutting progresses. 
Lumber 
Brazil’s annual lumber production in recent years 
has been estimated at about 2.4 billion board feet. 
Output statistics, however, exist only for the four 
southern States, which account for about 70 percent 
of Brazil’s lumber production. The lumber output 
of these States has decreased steadily from 2 billion 
board feet in 1955 to less than 1.5 billion in 1960 
(table 9). 
In 1961, however, their production 
9 
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