PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 177 
endures the desert conditions of southern Arizona. Near Pheenix, 
where the annual rainfall is only 7 inches, are trees that in ten years 
have attained a height of 30 to 45 feet and a basal diameter of 1 foot, 
with no irrigation since the first few years of their growth. (See Pls. 
XL, XLI.) Besides enduring such extreme climatic conditions as 
indicated, this species is also tolerant of considerable alkah. 
The Red Gum seems to have become more nearly naturalized in the 
Southwest than any other species. As already stated, it grows spon- 
taneously in considerable abundance on Mr. Cooper’s ranch near Santa 
Barbara, the climatic and soil conditions of the ravine that extends 
through his estate seeming to resemble quite closely conditions under 
which the tree thrives in its native land. As the species becomes more 
generally planted it will, very probably, come to grow spontaneously 
under a variety of conditions. 
Uses.—Yhe Red Gum furnishes a timber that is very valuable for 
many purposes. When freshly cut, the wood is a rich red color that 
grows darker as it is exposed to the air. It is close-grained, the fibers — 
being interlocked and thus rendering it quite difficult to split. It is 
very hard and strong—Mr. Maiden says ‘‘almost as hard as iron, when 
thoroughly dry.” The great usefulness of the timber is due prin- 
cipally to its durability, both underground and in water. Baron von 
Mueller says, in his ‘‘ Introduction to Botanical Teachings,” that ‘‘ well 
matured trees of this species, cut at the season when the circulation of 
the sap is least active, and carefully placed for drying, have proved 
one of the most durable of any timbers of the whole globe.” Accord- 
ing to this author and Mr. Maiden, the principal uses of the timber in 
Australia are for ship building, for bridge building, for paving, for 
telegraph poles, posts, piles, house blocks, and street curbing. It is 
reported to be quite resistant to the attacks of marine animals and 
white ants. Baron von Mueller says, ** The timber is one of the most 
highly esteemed in all Australia among that of Eucalypts ;” and Mr. 
Maiden, in speaking of this species in an address upon the forests of 
New South Wales, May, 1901, states that *‘there is no difficulty in 
supplying a practically unlimited demand for a timber of one uniform 
quality.” 
In Australia the Red Gum is a source of commercial kino, the article 
from this species being, according to Mr. Maiden, *‘ perhaps the best 
known of all Eucalyptus kinos.” Exudations are provoked by chop- 
ping a few chips from the bark of the trunk. 
In America the principal uses made of the Red Gum have been for 
fuel and for posts. Mr. Cooper cuts it for fuel for home use and for 
market, and considers it a profitable species for that purpose. On 
account of its profuse bloom it is a good honey-yielding tree, both in 
Australia and in America. Besides the above, the species is useful as 
a shade tree, as a wind-break, and as a forest cover in a great variety 
