distribution of planting stock 
to farmers, and $50,000 for 
farm forestry, these sections 
of the program received only 
small increases over the next 
several years. Fire control 
was obviously the overriding 
concern of forest industries 
and the States (Peirce and 
Stahl 1964, Zimmerman 
1976). 
Joseph McCaffrey, pioneer 
forester with International 
Paper Company in the South, 
has said that the Forest 
Service deserves 
considerable credit for getting 
States to take action in fire 
control. As an industry 
forester, his first priority was 
fire protection in order to 
establish regeneration. With 
the Forest Service working 
with the States, industries, 
and timberland owners, and 
the new markets that the 
pulp and paper industry 
provided for small timber 
and worked-out turpentine 
timber, the total effort gave a 
major boost to southern 
forestry (McCaffrey 1973). 
Table 1 provides detailed 
expenditures for fire 
protection in the South. At 
the outset in 1925, about 
37.5 percent of fire-protection 
funding came from Federal 
moneys from section 2 of 
Clarke-McNary. In the years 
shortly before World War Il, 
the Federal share ranged 
between 32 and 44 percent. 
States have continued to 
increase their share of the 
funding. In 1983, following 
reductions during the Reagan 
administration, Federal 
expenditures accounted for 
less than 5 percent of total 
fire-protection costs. 
Over the years, cooperative 
fire-protection money has 
served as a Catalyst in helping 
get fire-control efforts 
underway in the South and 
in providing the technical 
assistance and technology 
transfer that has made 
possible substantial 
advances in fire detection 
and control. Without the 
cooperation of the Forest 
Service and Federal matching 
funds, it is likely that several 
of the Southern States would 
have been much delayed in 
establishing a State forestry 
department and extending 
fire protection to the State 
and private lands. 
In most Southern States, 
timber protective 
organizations or similar 
compacts were made 
between large landowners 
33 
