easements in the United States and Canada, 

 and preserving and enhancing migration and 

 wintering habitats. 



• Fully integrating the planning, development, 

 and use of fish with other water resources. 

 Avoiding damage to fish by terrestrial resource 

 use. Ensuring free passage of anadromous 

 species. 



• Providing access by constructing trails, boat 

 landings, and other facilities where the existing 

 wildlife and fish resources are underutilized, 

 and spreading use through time and to devel- 

 oped areas where the resources can support 

 additional use. 



• Limiting the harvesting of wildlife and fish to 

 long-run sustainable levels. 



• Improving the coordination of wildlife-and 

 fish-centered activities of all levels of govern- 

 ment and of the private sector. 



Range Grazing 



• Shifting grazing from ecosystems with low re- 

 sponse to those with higher efficiency of forage 

 production. 



• Intensifying management on all ranges in all 

 ownerships to improve range conditions, pro- 

 mote production of palatable and nutritious 

 forage, obtain uniform forage utilization, and 

 meet needs of other uses besides grazing. 



• Improving the amount and quality of forage 

 produced by seeding, seeding improved forage 

 species on selected sites, controlling less produc- 

 tive or less palatable plants on selected areas, 

 controlling poisonous and noxious plants, and 

 employing land treatments to increase produc- 

 tion on selected area. 



• Constructing needed livestock control and han- 

 dling facilities. 



• Reducing loss of range forage by controlling 

 wildfire and range insects and diseases. 



• Reducing livestock loss to diseases, parasites, 

 and predators. 



Timber 



• Increasing the net annual growth and im- 

 proving tree quality by such measures as con- 

 trolling species composition, stand density, and 

 age classes; prompt restocking of harvested 

 stands; reforestation of nonstocked areas; use 

 of genetically improved planting stock; control 

 of harvesting methods; and maintaining site 

 quality. 



• Extending wood supplies through increased use 

 of wood residues; more efficient harvesting, 

 manufacturing, and construction practices; in- 

 creased use of preservative-treated products and 



improved maintenance of existing structures. 



• Reducing timber losses through integrated 

 management techniques which prevent or mini- 

 mize losses caused by suppression, insects, dis- 

 eases, and other destructive agents. 



Water 



• Intensifying watershed protection and manage- 

 ment of forest and range lands to enhance the 

 natural recharge of groundwater and improve 

 the timing of flows by storage or vegetation 

 modification, improve water quality, prevent 

 erosion of productive land, and reduce the sedi- 

 mentation of streams. 



• Increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems 

 by reducing losses from transmission systems 

 and phreatophytes and improving application 

 methods. 



• Improving the efficiency of central supply 

 systems by elimination of leaks in transmission 

 systems, use of water meters with charges 

 according to use, and implementation of water- 

 saving technology such as more efficient plumb- 

 ing fixtures and appliances. 



• Pricing to encourage more efficient use of 

 water. 



General Opportunities 



• Various studies have shown that most private 

 owners, who collectively control most of the 

 Nation's forest and range lands, have diverse 

 objectives, widely different characteristics and 

 attitudes, a limited knowledge of existing man- 

 agement opportunities, and varying willingness 

 and capacity to make investments which will 

 increase and extend supplies of forest and 

 range products. 



• Substantial increases in the supplies of most 

 forest and range products from these owner- 

 ships can only be achieved by such measures as 

 cost-sharing programs to help finance man- 

 agement practices, and technical assistance and 

 educational programs to show landowners 

 how to develop and manage forest and range 

 resources. 



• Much can be done to increase and extend 

 supplies of forest and range products by better 

 use of existing technology and by further re- 

 search to develop new technology. Investments 

 in management practices and facilities could be 

 made more efficient by expanding research. 

 More information is needed about physical 

 responses in terms of changes in wildlife popu- 

 lations and in forage and timber growth to var- 

 ious kinds of management practices. More 

 data are also needed on the cost of manage- 



XIV 



