ethic" and providing stronger law enforcement and 

 regulatory measures. 



In addition, more positive inducements for land- 

 owners could help realize an increase in the amount 

 of private lands offering recreational opportunities. 

 Possible inducements most frequently cited by pri- 

 vate landowners and government managers aUke 

 include protection from lawsuits, advice on develop- 

 ment and operation, tax credit, and insurance (table 

 3.12). 



Table 3A2 — Conditions under wliich landown- 

 ers would open land now closed to recreation 

 use in the United States, by condition and type 

 of ownership, 1978 



(Percent of landowners) 





Private ownership 



Conditions for opening lands 



Corporate 



Noncorporate 



Under no conditions 



29 



39 



To make a reasonable profit 



22 



20 



With protection from lawsuits 



11 



16 



With tax break incentive 



9 



4 



To improve public relations 



7 



5 



If income equals cost 



7 



4 



If someone else managed 



5 



2 



Provide insurance for 







liability or loss 



4 



6 



Other 



5 



4 



Source: Cordell, H, Ken.. Robert McLellan. Herbert Stevens, Gary Tyre, and 

 Michael Legg. Existing and potential recreation rote of privately owned forest 

 and range lands in ttie United States: an assessment. (In process). 



Research opportunities. — Effective planning and 

 national decisionmaking regarding proper resource 

 allocation and facility development is a necessity if 

 the Nation's demands for outdoor recreation are to 

 be met. The effectiveness of these processes, however, 

 greatly depends upon the usefulness and accuracy of 

 the information available to resource planners and 

 managers. The inputs of decisionmakers at all man- 

 agement levels are necessary if the kinds of informa- 

 tion they need to perform more efficiently and effec- 

 tively are to be provided. 



In general, better information is needed to describe 

 the existing and potential recreation resource, moni- 

 tor present participation trends, evaluate the outdoor 

 recreation experiences provided on forest and range 

 lands in terms of their social and economic implica- 

 tions, assess relative benefits of various management 

 actions, and provide methods to increase the contri- 

 bution the forest recreation resource can make to 

 improving the urban environment. 



Better descriptive information is needed if a more 

 accurate understanding of both outdoor recreation 



supply and demand is to be available at all decision- 

 making levels — local, regional, and national. On the 

 supply side, the managers' knowledge of resource 

 capability and managerial suitability could be im- 

 proved with a continuing systematic survey of the 

 recreation resource with standards and specifications 

 used nationwide. Research is needed to develop 

 methods for inventorying those forest and range 

 lands available and suitable for outdoor recreation as 

 well as existing outdoor recreation facilities. Informa- 

 tion could also be provided which would help to 

 explain the effect of physical attributes of the 

 resource on specific recreation activity patterns, guide 

 data analysis and interpretation, and determine 

 future recreation supply patterns. Further, studies on 

 increasing the supply of recreation activities on pri- 

 vate land could further identify opportunities for 

 cooperation, as well as areas of conflict, between pub- 

 lic and private land management agencies. 



On the demand side, a standardized, cost-effective 

 method of monitoring trends in use is necessary if 

 planning decisions are to be based on adequate 

 information concerning present and future participa- 

 tion levels. A comprehensive analysis of recreation 

 participation also involves evaluation of special 

 requirements for participation by particular popula- 

 tions. Research is needed to identify barriers which 

 deter participation in outdoor recreation by urban 

 populations, minority groups, and handicapped indi- 

 viduals, and the needs of these people must be more 

 fully considered in future recreation planning. Also, 

 the impacts of the changing energy situation need to 

 be studied. 



Managerial decisions must also be guided by an 

 evaluation of the social and economic implications of 

 various management actions. Greater knowledge of 

 the social and economic benefits of outdoor recrea- 

 tion is needed if decisions concerning the allocation 

 of resources and funds are to meaningfully reflect the 

 values which people derive from various recreation 

 experiences. 



Knowledge of recreation values is also necessary to 

 guide the coordination and integration of recreation 

 management with other resource uses. Evaluation 

 procedures for determining the tradeoffs being made, 

 in terms of the outdoor recreation and other resource 

 values foregone, are becoming increasingly important 

 as the need grows for integrating recreation uses of 

 forest and range land with other management activi- 

 ties. Basic to such a process is the determination of 

 the nonmarket values of recreation, for which the 

 state of the art lags far behind that for evaluating 

 market commodities such as timber. 



Finally, it must be recognized that the outdoor 

 recreation resource is not confined to rural areas. 



99 



