Table 4.1 — Numbers of resident and common migrant vertebrate species and subspecies of 



special concern found in forest and range ecosystems in the United States, 



by section and category of species^ 



Category 



Total 



North- 



North 



South- 



South 



Great 



Rocky 



Pacific 



Alaska 



Pacific 



Caribbean 



U.S. 



east 



Central 



east 



Central 



Plains 



Mountains 



Coast 



Islands 



Islands 



All vertebrates: 

























Amphibians 



199 



49 



57 



85 



102 



32 



34 



52 



6 



6 



24 



Birds 



904 



344 



328 



357 



488 



373 



458 



389 



217 



200 



284 



Fish 



1067 



208 



262 



505 



382 



167 



199 



236 



53 



32 



215 



Mammals 



408 



81 



107 



99 



172 



107 



200 



218 



76 



34 



25 



Reptiles 



349 



48 



75 



105 



145 



71 



115 



76 



1 



48 



55 



Total 



2927 



730 



829 



1151 



1289 



750 



1006 



971 



353 



320 



603 



Vertebrates in 

























forest ecosystem: 

























Amphibians 



180 



49 



56 



85 



85 



30 



28 



45 



6 



6 



24 



Birds 



843 



344 



325 



336 



384 



343 



424 



308 



198 



192 



284 



Fish 



1019 



208 



262 



505 



351 



160 



141 



209 



44 



32 



215 



Mammals 



325 



81 



98 



95 



109 



96 



145 



167 



60 



31 



25 



Reptiles 



282 



48 



74 



97 



112 



64 



65 



33 



1 



47 



55 



Total 



2649 



730 



815 



1118 



1041 



693 



803 



762 



309 



308 



603 



Vertebrates in 

























range ecosystem: 

























Amphibians 



116 







17 



39 



53 



23 



31 



45 



2 



3 







Birds 



667 







203 



207 



477 



350 



438 



368 



176 



73 







Fish 



410 







70 



81 



176 



134 



179 



129 



51 











Mammals 



342 







63 



48 



144 



92 



189 



196 



64 



17 







Reptiles 



230 







32 



67 



114 



64 



109 



75 







8 







Total 



1765 







385 



442 



964 



663 



964 



813 



293 



101 







'Subspecies of special concern are: those listed by the Federal or a State 

 government as endangered or threatened, those judged sensitive to land or wiater 

 management practices, and those of commercial or recreational importance 



Source: Schweitzer, D. L., D. T. Cushwa, and T. W. Hoekstra. The 1979 

 National assessment of wildlife and fish: a progress report In Trans. N. Am. 

 Wildlife and Nat. Res. Conf. 43-266-273. 1978. 



Table 4.2— Categories of wildlife and fish values and common evidence of demand 



Category of values 



Brief description 



Common evidence of demand 



Market products Products produced from wildlife and fish that are 



exchanged or serve as income supplements; includes 

 commodities such as wild furs and canned salmon 

 and other meat and fish that are consumed, 

 regardless of the principal reason for harvesting. 



Numbers of units of products 

 purchased or consumed. 



Market prices or costs of harvest. 



Social experiences 



Experiences having wildlife and fish as central focus; 

 includes hunting, fishing, and nonconsumptive 

 recreational activities as well as cultural activities 

 dependent upon wildlife and fish; includes 

 contribution of commercial and recreational use of 

 wildlife and fish to maintenance of lifestyle. 



Numbers of individuals participating 

 in experience. 



Actual expenditures for licenses, 



equipment, and travel. 



Estimates of willingness to pay for 

 recreational experiences based on 

 questionnaires. 



Ecological perceptions 



Perceptions that wildlife and fish are important for 

 other than economic or social reasons; includes 

 belief in protection of individual species and 

 communities of species and "ecological integrity." 



Numbers of people belonging to 

 environmental organization. 



Laws, treaties. 



Ill 



