When wildlife activities fall in this complementary 

 part of the total scale, more can be done with a given 

 budget. 



Unfortunately, there are few direct opportunities to 

 directly improve the production of fish as a spinoff of 

 timber harvesting or range use. Instead, multiple-use 

 management for fish means avoiding damage from 

 activities on the land, including avoiding the removal 

 of streamside vegetation, physical damage to stream- 

 banks, excessive siltation, and the introduction of 

 debris into water channels. Many streams that have 

 been degraded in the past have the potential to once 

 again become productive habitat for fish through 

 natural processes if they are adequately protected. 

 This process can be accelerated through management 

 practices ranging from planting trees on streambanks 

 or in denuded areas to mechanically altering a 

 streambed. 



The maintenance of critical water levels through 

 damming for both waterfowl and fish is an example 

 of an activity that works to the advantage of several 

 species. More often, changes in habitat conditions 

 will favor some species and work against others. This 

 is another sort of trade-off. A delicate balancing is 

 sometimes necessary to simultaneously enhance habi- 

 tats for species that require, say, mature forests and 

 for species that prosper in openings. 



Endangered and threatened species. — Enhance- 

 ment activities directed at endangered and threatened 

 species vary widely because this designation includes 

 dissimilar fauna. For some of these species, notably 

 those restricted to limited areas, management consists 

 of preserving the available habitat and protecting it 

 from disruption. It is sometimes possible to extend 

 restricted or depleted ranges by transplanting animals 

 to presently unoccupied or newly developed habitats. 

 Erecting artificial nests, incubating eggs, and eUmi- 

 nating competitor species might each be applicable in 

 a particular instance.^' 



These species have been a major focus of attention 

 of all Federal land managing agencies. Substantial 

 efforts have been necessary to plan, conduct, and 

 monitor land management activities in a manner that 

 meets the requirements and the spirit of the Endan- 

 gered Species Act. Significant budget expenditures, 

 increased planning time to allow for consultations 

 and coordination, and delays and occasional reduc- 

 tions in the production of other resources will con- 

 tinue to be necessary to adequately protect or 

 enhance these animals. 



" See, for example, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish 

 and Wildlife Service. Puerto Rican parrot on the upswing. 

 Endangered Species Tech. Bull. 4(l):4-5. 1979. 



The management of forest and range land for fish largely means 

 avoiding damage from timber harvesting and grazing activities. 



142 



