Good fencing is an important tool in managing livestock grazing on range. 



Forest management practices can be modified to increase the 

 production of forage from forest lands. 



Use of fertilizers in native range, though often con- 

 sidered, has not been extensive in the past. It is not 

 expected to be a widespread activity in the future 

 because of continuously escalating costs of inorganic 

 fertilizers in relation to benefits. However, fertiliza- 



tion does offer limited opportunities to increase for- 

 age, especially on private lands with high productivity 

 and where livestock can be very intensively managed. 



Significant opportunities to increase range grazing 

 occur on portions of the 482 million acres of com- 

 mercial forest land. Commercial harvesting of mature 

 tree stands will often result in temporary (5 to 10 

 years) production of grasses, shrubs, and forbs that 

 are palatable to livestock. Intensive timber manage- 

 ment practices such as thinning, pruning, and site 

 preparation, can be modified in scope, timing, and 

 intensity to Increase the amount, and to extend the 

 period of forage production throughout the timber 

 rotation as well as improve the forest stand. There are 

 some spinoffs from grazing in the forest that are 

 advantageous to timber production. When properly 

 managed, livestock can benefit the forest through 

 consuming vegetation that competes with trees. 

 Improper or uncontrolled grazing, of course, can 

 seriously jeopardize the timber resource. It is impera- 

 tive, therefore, that livestock grazing in forest stands 

 be planned, controlled, and coordinated so that use 

 of the forage resource will not impair the productivity 

 of the land. 



Not only is grazing compatible with other uses on 

 vast acreages of public lands, range grazing and asso- 

 ciated activities can be used to benefit other resource 

 uses. There can be both economic and social benefits 

 in multiple-use management of these lands. In Cali- 

 fornia, for example, cattle and goats are used to help 

 maintain fuel breaks in the chaparral-type to reduce 

 wildfire hazards. Controlled grazing is often used to 



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