26 . 



recommendations of a recent commission, which declare that at least 

 500,000 acres will have to be planted at a cost of not less than 

 $12,000,000 before the destructive torrents, brought on by stripping 

 and overgrazing the hillsides, can be controlled. 



Italy has found it too expensive to enforce her forest laws. She is 

 finding it many times more expensive, to leave them unenforced. 



SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 

 SPAIN^. 



Spain has only about 12,000,000 acres under forest, about seven- 

 tenths of an acre for each inhabitant. Practically all .of this is State 

 land. Thirteen and one -ha If million dollars' worth of wood products 

 are imported every year. Lesser forest products, such as cork, tan- 

 bark, and nuts, are exported. 



Spain has suffered very greatly from destructive floods caused by 

 insufficient forest cover in mountain country, and has enacted rather 

 elaborate laws to prevent overcutting and to reforest clear areas. But 

 anxiety to get the country out of debt has, on the other hand, led to 

 the sale of forest land and to much disagreement over the classifica- 

 tion of forest land needed for wood supplies and protective cover. 

 AYitli laws nearly as good as those of Italy, Spain is much further 

 from accomplishing actual results in forestry. 



POKTUGAL. 



Portugal has about 80,000 acres of State forest land. Thirty thou- 

 sand acres of this consists of sand dimes which are being made pro- 

 ductive by forest planting. In the very poorest part of the country 

 there is a planted pinery of about 25,000 acres which produces good 

 returns in timber and naval stores. There is an excellent law for 

 the encouragement of reforesting work, with liberal appropriations. 



SLAVIC KINGDOMS. 



The Slavic States of Bulgaria, Servia. Montenegro, Soumelia, and 

 Roumania, controlled by Turkey for centuries, were made independ- 

 ent kingdoms by the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Roumelia was 

 joined to Bulgaria in 1885. So far Eoumania alone has availed her- 

 self of her new freedom to provide for the wiser use of her forest 

 resources, 



ROUMANIA. 



The forests of Eoumania were depleted while the country was 

 under Turkish rule, and only between IT and 20 per cent of the land 

 is now wooded. In 1881 the first effective law was passed. The State 

 royal and commtmal forests are now placed under management, and 

 such private forests as are located on steep slopes and near streams 



[Cir. 140] 



