19 



Lumbering is carried on much as it is in the United States. The 

 State, as a rule, sells stumpage, and the timber is removed by con- 

 tractors. Management is by no means so detailed and intensive as in 

 Germany or France. The trees which are to be cut are marked, but 

 no attempt is ordinarily made to prepare complete working plans. 

 Only a moderate amount of planting is done to secure the future crop, 

 and natural reproduction is mainly relied upon. 



Forest fires continue to do great damage, especially in the northern 

 part of the country, A forest patrol is doing effective work, however, 

 in checking the spread of fires. 



DENMARK. 



Denmark has about 600,000 acres under forest, of which the State 

 owns over 23 per cent, or 142,000 acres. About 75,000 acres of 

 w^astes are in process of reforestation. 



The need of wiser forest use was felt in the eighteenth century, and 

 by 1781 the State forests were placed under administration. But the 

 clearing of the forest continued at such a rate that in 1805 it was 

 provided that the still existing forests of beech and oak should be 

 maintained forever. Further, provision was made as to the selling 

 of the peasants' farms, so that they should not be accumulated in 

 large holdings upon which the peasants would have to depend for 

 their wood. 



Since 1820 the forest area has been increasing. At present refor- 

 esting is adding to it very considerably. Nearly 200,000 acres of 

 heath have been planted in the last forty years. To this work of 

 reclamation the State contributes $40,000 a year. 



In State forests, as well as in the communal forests and the 

 farmer's woodlots, forestry is carefully and profitably practiced. 



RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 



RUSSIA. 



Russia's forests are of vast extent. More than 575,000,000 acres, 

 or 39 per cent, of European Russia is forest, and the Siberian forests 

 of Asiatic Russia contain about 350,000,000 acres. In the more 

 wooded provinces of European Russia the Government owns about 

 89 per cent of the forest land. It owns 65.7 per cent of the total 

 forest area. In general, the untouched forest resources of Russia 

 comprise two-thirds of the whole forest area of Europe. Over 

 $30,000,000 worth of wood is exported. The principal countries 

 drawing upon Russia are, in order, England, Germany, Holland, 

 and France. 



[Cir. 140] 



