The Grasshopper 335 



lectual scale that they refuse to pay out $10 a year for each $1,000 they 

 receive to prevent tremendous food and clothing losses. 



But this mere working of about five weeks each year for nothing 

 is of little importance compared to the millions of lives lost each year 

 by the working out of the self-same principle that makes men think 

 only of the dollar they receive to-day, rather than of the ten-times-that- 

 amount they may have to-morrow, if they will but lay the foundations 

 to-day. 



Every worker who dies of a disease which could have been pre- 

 vented, causes each and every one of us to do a portion of his wOrk. 

 This means that we must actually pay the expenses of keeping up such 

 a one's family without anything being contributed on their part. 



There is thus an underlying unity among all human beings, in that, 

 whether we will or not, we are our brother's keeper. 



This is again well illustrated by taking into consideration the fact 

 that your own home and property may be as clean as it is possible to 

 keep it, but your neighbor's is not. The flies which breed in his manure 

 pile, or in his garbage heap, will come into your home and deposit the 

 neighbor's filth on your food. That this deposit is no mere trifle is 

 shown by an enlarged sketch of the fly's foot and proboscis (Fig. 216). 



EXTERNAL APPEARANCE 



The hard exoskeleton has already been mentioned, as well as the seg- 

 mentation of the grasshopper's body. The segments in this animal are 

 unlike those of the earthworm in not being all alike. 



There are a head, a thorax, and an abdomen, to which various jointed 

 appendages are attached, a pair to each segment, where any appendages 

 are found. 



The three pairs of legs formerly gave insects the name of Hexapoda. 

 Two pairs of wings are usually found upon the dorsal side of the second 

 and third segments of the thorax, while the tiny outer openings of the 

 tracheae — known as breathing pores, spiracles, or stigmata — are arranged 

 in pairs on each side of two thoracic segments and on all the abdominal 

 segments except the last two or three. 



Grasshoppers, as well as crickets and cockroaches, are members of 

 the order Orthoptera ( ). All of this group have 



mouth-parts (Fig. 217), or jaws, formed for biting and gnawing, as well 

 as two pairs of straight wings, the first pair thickened, the second pair 

 thin, and, when at rest, folded like a fan under the first pair. 



A pair of jointed antennae, or feelers, extend forward from the head, 

 while a pair of large compound eyes, located on the dorsal epicranium, 

 and three ocelli, or simple eyes, are readily observed. The mouth-parts 

 consist of the- labrum, or upper lips, being hinged to the clypeus 

 ( ), a pair of heavy, strong mandibles, and a first 



pair of maxillae, with feelers or palps ( ) at the sides ; 



while the second pair of maxillae are fused together to form the lower 



