33$ General Biology 



The entire dorsal portion is spoken of as the tergum or notum 

 ( ) ; while the entire ventral wall is called the 



sternum; and the lateral wall, the pleuron. 



The last tergum is sometimes called the suranal ( ) 



plate, while the last sternite forms the subgenital plate. Below the level 

 of the eleventh tergite, on each side, there is a triangular podical plate 

 ( ), and just above each podical plate and projecting 



backward from the hind margin of the tenth tergite there is a small 

 copulatory organ, the cercus. In the female this is extremely small. 



The auditory ( ) organs (Fig. 219) lie on the 



first abdominal segment. This segment is larger than the others though 

 it does not form a complete ring on account of the hind legs being 

 inserted in it. This auditory organ is merely an oval spot of thin skin 

 stretched across a small cavity and connected with a nerve. This is 

 the ear or auditory apparatus. 



The posterior portion of a female's abdomen is more tapering than 

 that of the male and is furnished with four blunt spines (six including 

 the inner guide), to form the egg-laying organ, the ovipositor. The 

 tip of the abdomen in the male is turned upward. 



The first two pairs of legs on the grasshopper are walking legs 

 while the third pair is used for jumping. 



Using one of the first walking legs for detailed study, we find five 

 separate divisions (compare Figs. 203 and 213) into which it can easily 

 be separated, namely, the coxa ( ), the shortest joint 



in close proximity to the body; the trochanter ( ), 



the next succeeding small joint almost entirely fused with the coxa in 

 the grasshopper; the femur ( ), a long stout section; 



the tibia ( ) following this, also long and quite 



narrow ; and finally the most distal portion, the foot, called the tarsus 

 ( ), which is composed of four joints. 



There are spines on the leg and claws [also called ungues 

 ( )] on the foot; while a suction disc, the pulvillus 



( ), lies between the claws. The longer jumping 



leg has the same five divisions just mentioned, but the trochanter is fused 

 with the femur, forming a small knob on the inside of the leg. 



INTERNAL ANATOMY 

 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 



This consists, as in all the other animals studied, of the alimentary 

 canal and the collateral or accessory organs, the salivary glands, and 

 the gastric caeca. 



The alimentary canal itself is a long tube extending throughout the 

 entire body. The mouth is the first division and is guarded on each side 

 by laterally moving mandibles. Between these mandibles and arising 

 from the inner side of the labium, is the short tongue-like organ known 



