368 General Biology 



238) has been given such individuals. The more common form such 

 gynandromorphs assume is that the anterior part of the body may be 

 one type and the posterior another, or the entire right side may be of 

 one sex and the entire left side of another. 



CROSS FERTILIZATION OF PLANTS BY BEES 



Bees are particularly valuable in bringing about cross fertilization 

 of flowers. In fact, the bumble bee is about the only insect visiting red 

 clover, which has its mouth parts long enough to reach down for the 

 nectar of that plant, so that if it were not for the bumble bee, red clover 

 would probably not grow at all. 



Orchards which have hives of bees usually show a better harvest 

 of fruit than those without hives. 



It is probably color, odor, and the structure of both insect and plant 

 which determine which plants are visited most. 



Many plants are so constructed that an insect entering the flower 

 for nectar comes in contact with the pollen of the plant which thus 

 brushes off on the insect's back (Fig. 239). Then as another flower 

 is visited this pollen is brushed off by the stigma thus bringing about 

 fertilization. 



CLASSIFICATION 



The summary of the Arthropoda will show under what phylum, 

 class and order bees are classified. But here it is necessary to mention 

 the following five types of honey bees found in the United States, though 

 none are native. 



German, with black-colored abdomen. These are the so-called wild 

 honey bees. 



Italian, with yellow-striped abdomen. 



Carniolan, with gray abdomen. 



Cyprian, with yellow abdomen. 



Caucasian, with yellow-gray abdomen. 



All bees are included in the great family Apidae, but there are both 

 solitary and social species. Then, too, some are miners, carpenters, leaf- 

 cutters, etc. 



As different species of bees have different length of tongues, their 

 food must vary accordingly. This was seen in our discussion of the 

 bumble bee, which alone of all the bees, has a long enough tongue to 

 obtain the nectar from red clover. Short-tongued bees must seek a 

 flower with a less deeply placed nectar. 



THE FLY 



As flies may carry "tuberculosis, cholera, enteritis (including epi- 

 demic dysentery and cholera infantum — the fly-time 'summer complaint' 

 of infants), spinal meningitis, bubonic plague, smallpox, leprosy, syphilis, 



