The History of Biology 389 



The "Handbook" of Johannes Muller (Handbuch der Physiologie 

 des Menschen), 1846, remains unsurpassed as to its plan and its 

 execution. 



Max Schultze in his treatise, "Ueber Muskelkoerperchen und das 

 was man eine Zelle zu nennen habe," 1861, established one of the most 

 important conceptions with which Biology has been enriched, viz : the 

 protoplasm doctrine. 



Darw.n's "Origin of Species," 1859, is, from our present outlook, 

 the great classic in Biology. 



Pasteur's "Studies on Fermentation," 1876, is typical of the quality 

 of his work, though his later investigations on inoculations for the pre- 

 vention of hydrophobia and other maladies are of greater importance 

 to mankind. 



Mendel's "Versuche iiber Pflanzen-Hybriden" appeared in 1865 in 

 a little periodical published in Briinn, Austria, where Mendel was abbot 

 of an Augustinian monastery. It remained entirely unknown to the 

 scientific world until 1900 when three workers in the natural sciences 

 rediscovered it. These men were De Vries, Torrens, and Tschermak. 



Mendel's work has become the foundation upon which all modern 

 research along genetic lines is based. Castle says, "Mendel had an ana- 

 lytical mind of the first order which enabled him to plan and carry 

 through successfully the most original and instructive series of studies 

 in heredity ever executed," and Bateson suggests that "had Mendel's 

 work come into the hands of Darwin, it is not too much to say that the 

 history of development of evolutionary philosophy would have been 

 very different from that which we have witnessed." 



Weismann's "The Germ-Plasm, a Theory of Heredity," appeared in 

 1893. It demonstrated the "continuity of the germ-plasm," a valuable 

 starting point for theorizing upon Mendel's laws. 



De Vries' "Die Mutationstheorie," published in 1901, caused much 

 of Darwin's theory, that evolution comes about gradually, to be set 

 aside. The sudden springing forth of new forms, rather than a slow 

 change requiring thousands of years, won many scientific men to it. 

 In fact, all modern evolutionary theories follow either the Darwinian 

 or the De Vriesian type, or build new ones on modifications of these. 



It is somewhat puzzling to select a man to represent the study of 

 fossil life. One is tempted to name E. D. Cope (1840-1897), whose re- 

 searches were conceived on the highest plane. Zittel (1839-1904), how- 

 ever, covered the entire field of fossil life, and his "Handbook of Paleon- 

 tology" (1876-1893) is designated as a mile-post in the development of 

 that science. 



Before the Christian era, the works of Aristotle and Galen should 

 be included. 



From the viewpoint suggested, the most notable figures in the de- 

 velopment of Biology are : Aristotle, Galen, Vesalius, Harvey, Malpighi, 



