The History of Biology 391 



1542 Vesalius, founder of modern anatomy. 



1548 Falloppio, anatomist. 



1551 Gesner gathered the first botanical garden (of fruits and flowers) 



and arranged the first zoological museum. 



1560 Eustachio, anatomist. 



1583 Caesalpinus classified plants by flowers. 



1590 Janssen, J. and Z., discovered the compound microscope. 



1603 Fabricius discovered valves in the veins. 



1603 Harvey discovered circulation of the blood. 



1622 Ascello discovered the lacteals. 



1649 Rudbeck discovered the lymphatics. 



1650 Swammerdam was first great student of insects in relation to 



plants and medicine. 

 1661 Malpighi, founder of pathology. He discovered the capillaries in 

 the lungs ; founded modern embryology by a study of the incu- 

 bation of the chick (1672). 



1667 Leeuwenhoek, first to see bacteria. 



1668 Redi disproved spontaneous generation of insects by the discovery 



of eggs and larvae. He wrote "Esperienze intorno alia Gen- 

 erazione degl' Insetti." 



1670 Mayow studied animal respiration. 



1671 Hooke worked out microscopical structure of plants. 



1680 Borelli proved that all the movements of animals are caused by 

 muscles pulling on bone levers ; wrote "De Motu Animalium." 



1682 Grew studied structure of plants. 



1693 Ray classified plants. 



1727 Hales investigated respiration of plants. 



1743 Haller, father of modern physiology. 



1744 Reaumur studied insects. 



1749 Buffon wrote a natural history. 



1753 Linnaeus, founder of modern botany; classified plants. 



1761 Koelreuter studied hybridization of plants. 



1764 Bonnet, evolutionist; grouped animals in an ascending series. 



1764 Wolff, Friedrich Caspar, overcame the pre-formation doctrine. 



1772 Rutherford discovered nitrogen. 



1774 Priestley discovered oxygen and studied the breathing of plants. 



1775 Spallanzani disproved spontaneous generation of bacteria and 



molds and demonstrated presence of living germs in the air. 



1789 Galvani discovered animal electricity. 



1790 Goethe worked out a scheme for the metamorphosis of the parts 



of plants. 

 1794 Darwin, Erasmus, grandfather of Charles Darwin; wrote "Zoono- 



mia," a long poem outlining evolution of life. 

 1796 Jenner discovered vaccination. 

 1796 Sprengel studied fertilization of plants. 



