Classification 417 



of which were vertebrate and two invertebrate. These classes were in 

 turn divided into orders, the orders into genera, and the genera into 

 species. However, the Linnaean Genus sometimes includes three or 

 four orders of our present arrangement of groups. 



Following Linnaeus came Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), who in turn 

 was followed by De Blainville (1777-1850). The latter's method is 

 considered superior to that of Cuvier. 



Lamarck (1744-1829) classified animals according to their nervous 

 sensibilities, speaking of apathetic animals, that is, those without nervous 

 systems, or apparent sensations, among the invertebrates, and the 

 sensitive animals, largely also among the invertebrates, while the intelli- 

 gent animals corresponded to the vertebrates. 



Then came Oken (1779-1851), who suggested two different methods 

 of classifying. Neither one, however, received much recognition. One 

 of his systems was based upon the arrangement of organs, while the 

 other was based upon the senses. The latter were divided into such 

 interesting but valueless groups as Dermatozoa (literally, skin or touch 

 animals), by which he meant the invertebrates; the Glossozoa (literally, 

 tongue animals), the fishes; the Rhinozoa (nose animals), which 

 included the reptiles; the Otozoa (ear animals) or the birds; and another 

 class, which appears to have been called interchangeably the Ophthal- 

 mozoa (eye animals) or Trichozoa (hair animals), the mammals. It 

 would be hard to name a set of distinctions less applicable as classifica- 

 tion marks than most of these. 



Pierre-Latreille (1762-1833), Johannes Muller (1801-1858), and 

 Louis Agassiz (1807-1873), should also be mentioned among the sys- 

 tematists. 



The Linnaean system has been adopted because it introduced a 

 sharply defined grouping and a definite terminology. In other words, 

 this system permits a grouping of forms which resemble each other, as 

 well as a grouping according to relationships other than physical 

 resemblance. 



As already stated, Linnaeus used four general groupings : class, 

 order, genus (plural, genera), and species. Modern systematists have 

 added phylum (plural, phyla), subphylum (assemblies greater than the 

 class), class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, sub- 

 genus, species, subspecies, and sometimes others. 



The following table will illustrate the present method of naming and. 

 classifying animals: 



Phylum. Protozoa. 

 Class. Rhizopoda. 

 Order. Lobosa. 



Family. Amoebidae. 

 Genus. Amoeba. 



Species. Proteus. 



