inventory volumes on upland hardwood timberland. Hard- 
wood removals from natural pine types have remained 
relatively flat. 
As with hardwood supplies, most of the projected increase 
in hardwood growing stock removals is expected to occur 
on hardwood types. Projected hardwood removals from 
upland hardwoods increase 78 percent and from bottomland 
hardwoods, 69 percent. Hardwood removals from pine types 
decline as the application of management practices that 
favor pines involves a larger proportion of the softwood 
resource. 
The projected increases in hardwood removals coupled with 
projected declines in hardwood growth are expected to close 
the large gaps that now exist between hardwood growth 
and removals in both the Southeast and South Central 
regions. The base projections indicate hardwood removals 
will exceed hardwood growth in both regions by the year 
2000 or shortly thereafter. 
Trends in the Southeast 
As with softwoods, trends in the annual removals of 
hardwood growing stock in the Southeast follow a pattern 
similar to that described for hardwood roundwood supplies 
(app. tables 3.49 and 3.63). Based on the most recent forest 
surveys, timber products output accounts for about 66 
percent of the annual removal of hardwood growing stock 
in the region. Logging residue accounts for another 14 
percent, and other removals, the remaining 20 percent. 
Expressed another way, timber products output from hard- 
wood growing stock, as defined by forest survey merchant- 
ability standards, accounts for about 84 percent of hardwood 
roundwood supplies. The remaining 16 percent of hardwood 
roundwood supplies comes from utilization of timber from 
nongrowing-stock sources. Unlike the softwood resource, 
there are large volumes of hardwood timber in the Southeast 
in rough and rotten trees 5.0 inches and larger at breast 
height. Although these trees are not suitable for sawlogs or 
veneer logs, many of them can be used for fiber products 
such as pulpwood or for fuelwood. Currently, volume in 
these merchantable-size, rough and rotten hardwood trees 
totals about 8.8 billion cubic feet. 
Between 1952 and 1976, the annual removals of hardwood 
growing stock in the Southeast averaged between 1.0 
billion and 1.1 billion cubic feet. On the average, about 78 
percent of these hardwood removals came from other 
private lands, 17 percent from forest industry holdings, and 
the remaining 5 percent from public timberland. At the 
There are large volumes of hardwood timber 
in rough and rotten trees. While these trees 
are not suitable for sawlogs or veneer logs, 
they can be used for some products, 
including large-volume uses such as 
pulpwood and fuelwood. 
beginning of this period, 50 percent of the hardwood 
removals came from bottomland hardwood stands. By the 
end of the period, less than 22 percent of the hardwood 
removals came from that source. 
By 1984, annual removals of hardwood growing stock in the 
Southeast had climbed to 1.3 billion cubic feet. Based on 
the most recent forest surveys, 75 percent of these removals 
came from other private lands, 20 percent from forest 
industry holdings, and the remaining 6 percent from public 
timberland. About 60 percent of these removals came from 
upland hardwood or mixed pine—hardwood stands, 23 percent 
came from bottomland hardwood stands, and the remaining 
17 percent came from the removal of hardwoods in pine 
stands. More hardwood removals occurred in Virginia than 
in any other State within the region (fig. 3.40). 
Annual removals of hardwood growing stock in the South- 
east are projected to increase 47 percent above current 
levels, with most of this increase occurring between now and 
2010. By ownership and management type, the increases 
in hardwood removals follow the same trends described for 
hardwood supplies. 
Trends in the South Central Region 
Total hardwood removals followed the pattern of hardwood 
supplies and rose 20 percent between 1976 and 1984 (app. 
tables 3.50 and 3.64). Roughly 78 percent of hardwood 
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