northern white-cedar, and, in a few restricted local- 

 ities, redcedar. 



Hardwoods. — Consists of all commercial decidu- 

 ous species including the aspens, unless otherwise 

 specified. 



Stand-Size Classes 



S.\WTiMBER STANDS. — Stands with sawtimber trees 

 having a minimum net volume per acre of 1,500 

 board-feet. International J^-inch rule. 



PoLETiMBER STANDS. — Stands that fail to meet the 

 sawtimber-stand specification, but that are at least 

 10 percent stocked with poletimber and larger (5.0 

 inches and larger) trees, and with at least half the 

 minimum volume in poletimber trees. (Poletimber 

 stands carry at least 240 cubic feet per acre.) 



Seedling-and-sapling STANDS. — Stands not quali- 

 fying as either sawtimber of poletimber stands, but 

 having at least 10 percent stocking of trees of com- 

 mercial species, and wnth at least half the minimum 

 stocking in seedling and sapling trees. 



Nonstocked. — Lands qualifying as forest but failing 

 to meet the specifications for sawtimber, poletimber, 

 or restocking stands. May include grass and brush 

 areas. 



Tree Classifications 



Sawtimber trees. — Trees of commercial species 

 that contain at least one merchantable saw log, as 

 defined by regional practice, and that are of the 

 following minimum diameters at breast height 

 (d. b. h.): Softwoods 9.0 inches and hardwoods 

 11.0 inches. Merchantable saw logs are at least 8.0 

 inches in diameter inside bark at the small end; from 

 8 to 16 feet in length; and suitable for sawing into 

 standard lumber, construction timbers, or ties. In 

 1936, 10-inch hardwoods were included in sawtimber 

 if they contained a 16-foot No. 3 log or an 8-foot 

 No. 2 log. Softwoods and aspen were estimated to 

 a 6-inch top in 1936. 



Poletimber trees. — Trees of commercial species 

 that meet regional specifications of soundness and 

 form and are in the following d. b. h. range: soft- 

 woods, 5.0 to 8.9 inches; hardwoods, 5.0 to 10.9 

 inches. Such trees usually become sawtimber trees 

 if left to grow. 



Seedlings and saplings. — Trees of commercial 

 species below 4.9 inches d. b. h. 



Cull trees. — Live trees of sawtimber or poletimber 

 size, unmerchantable for saw logs now or prospectively 



because of defect, rot, or species. Excepted are trees 

 of pulp species, such as black spruce, which do not 

 normally grow to log size and are not culled if they 

 are of a quality suital^lc for pulping. 



Diameter Measurements 



Diameter at bre.ast height (d. b. h.). — Tree-stem- 

 diameter in inches measured outside bark at 4.5 feet 

 above the ground level. 



Diameter class. — Trees grouped into 2-inch dia- 

 meter classes, each class including diameters 0.9 inch 

 higher and 1.0 inch below the midpoint of the class, 

 e. g., the 6-inch class would include trees having 

 diameters from 5.0 to 6.9 inches d. b. h. 



Volume Classifications 



All timber volume. — Net volume in cubic feet of 

 live and salvageable dead sawtimber trees and pole- 

 timber trees of commercial species and cull trees of 

 all species, from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top 

 diameter inside bark. Includes bole only of softwoods 

 but both bole and limbs of hardwoods to a minimum 

 4.0-inch diameter inside bark. 



Live all-timber volume. — Net volume in cubic feet 

 of live sawtimber trees and live poletimber trees ot 

 commercial species, and cull trees of all species. 



Sawtimber volume. — Net volume in board-feet. 

 International J^-inch rule, of live and salvageable 

 dead sawtimber trees between the stump and desig- 

 nated upper limits of merchantability. Minimum top 

 diameter for hardwoods is 8 inches and for softwoods 

 6 inches. 



Live sawtimber volu.me. — Net volume in board- 

 feet. International }4-inch rule, of live sawtimber trees. 



Cordwood volume. — Net volume in poletimber 

 trees or upper stems of sawtimber trees measured in 

 4- by 4- by 8-foot cords containing approximately 80 

 cubic feet of peeled wood. 



Growing stock volume. — Net volume in cubic feet 

 of the central stem of live sawtimber trees and live 

 poletimber trees from stump to a minimum merchant- 

 able 4.0-inch diameter. Excludes dead trees, cull 

 trees, and hardwood limbs. 



PuLPVvooD volume. — The total growing stock vol- 

 ume of black spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, jack 

 pine, and aspen. 



Log gr.'\des. — Specifications for log grades are as 

 follows: 



50 



Forest Resource Report No. 13^ U. S. Department of Agriculture 



