a 
countries, especially France and Germany, thousands of similar 
records for American species, White Pine, Red Oak, etc., which in 
all cases bear out exactly the same results. In addition, we have in 
our own country many hundred countings on record and thousands 
more not permanently recorded, proving the same for the forest 
species of the temperate zone in the United States. 
Should any one doubt, let him but test the matter on a young tree, 
such as the Red Pine or White Pine, where the part grown during the 
Fic. 8.—Blaze twelve years after cut was made, the callus having completely grown over the 
cut: front view. 
last ten or twenty years is represented by so many internodes; or go 
to the many groves of poplar and other trees sprung up on clearings, 
or in windfall of known age; or still further, examine the trees of the 
now quite numerous tracts artificially stocked by individuals and 
companies, whether in parks or otherwise. The most striking con- 
tradictions ever printed were due to the mistaking of well-known 
features of wood structure, as for instance, the wavy markings on 
