INSOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES OR MARC. ae 
They found that the soluble ferments produced by Aspergillus niger 
partially hydrolyzed the pectose of gentian root, converting it into 
pectin. Pectin was hydrolyzed (rendered noncoagulable) by diastase 
from malt, but not by saliva or by emulsin. The pectin was said to 
yield mucic acid and arabinose like that from beet mare. Bourquellot 
defined pectins as substances which dissolve in water, yield mucic acid, 
and are coagulated by limewater, baryta water, and by pectase. The 
solutions were optically active, contrary to the results of Frémy ({a@]p= 
82.3° to 194°). The ferment in malt which dissolves pectin he called 
pectinase.. Pectase and pectinase, added together to a pectin solution, 
‘aused coagulation, then solution, similar to the effects of rennet and 
trypsin on casein. 
Javillier,“ using the methods of Bourquellot and Hérissey, obtained 
corroborating results with quince pectin. It was strongly dextro- 
rotatory ([a@],=188.2°), gave arabinose and mucic acid, and behaved 
toward malt diastase like the pectins obtained by Bourquellot. 
Votocék' and Sebor? obtained from beets, by the treatment with 
alkali, an arabic acid which they determined to be not a homogeneous 
compound, since different preparations showed varying rotatory pow- 
ers. Other evidence that the arabic acid was a mixture of similar 
substances was that varying quantities of arabinose and galactose were 
formed on hydrolysis of different preparations, and by hydrolyzing 
the acetylation product the original acid was not regained, but the 
products possessed different rotatory powers and contained different 
proportions of the groups which give rise to arabinose and galactose. 
A very pure glucosazone was obtained from the hydrolysis product of 
the arabic acid, so that three complexes may be present 
tan, and glucose. 
Bauer“ obtained various sugars from pectins from different sources— 
galactose from pear pectin, xylose from apple pectin, and other sugars 
not positively identified from orange peel. 
Widtsoe and Tollens” reported arabinose, xylose, and fucose in gum 
tragacanth, which Girard’ had found to be 60 per cent pectin. 
Cross’ considers that pectin may be ligno-cellulose free from 
incrusting materials, and suggests that it would be well to try the 
methods used for separating cellulose bodies on the pectins. 
araban, galac- 
@J. pharm. chim., 1899, [6] 9:163 and 513. 
b Zts. Zucker-Ind. Bohm., 1899, 24: through Chem. Centrbl., 1899, [2] 70: 1022, 
through J. Chem. Soc., 1900, 78:1, 208. 
¢J. prak. Chem., 1891, [2] 48: 112; Landw. Versuchs-Stat., 1892, 41: 477; 1894, 
43: 191; Verh. Vers. Deutsch, Ntf. u. Arzte, 1900, II, 1, Halfte, 99, Aachen, through 
Chem. Centrbl., 1901, [2], 72: 196. 
d Ber. d. chem. Ges., 1900, 33: 132. 
eIbid., 1875, 8: 340. 
J Ibid.. 1895, 28: 2609. 
