S88 STUDIES ON APPLES. 
of water until the wash water gave no test for reducing sugar. The 
resulting mare, amounting to 2.745 per cent of the ground fresh pulp, 
was spread out in shallow pans and placed on a steam radiator, and, 
after drying, was ground to a fine powder, exhausted with alcohol, and 
then with ether in a Soxhlet’s extractor. The alcohol removed any 
sugar remaining in the marc, and the extractions which occur on the 
skins of apples, namely, apple wax and a white solid, apple vitin.¢ 
Ether then removed very little from the marc, chiefly green color- 
ing matter. The ether was evaporated spontaneously and the mare . 
bottled. 
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS. 
Prepared as above, the mare was analyzed, with the following results: 
Taste VIII.—Analysis of apple mare. 
Water-free 
Determinations. |Air-dry basis. Bea 
b ePerncent: Per cent. 
WiStCr Grice hwo 2 tinkinwentictie nee ee es RE CES See oe eee eee eee 14.04" | so eee 
GellwloseGy = 2-3-2856 solo ke bce ee bR Saeko eae oa ns Sa eee eee eee 33. 82 39.33 
ES Ea gS Ai ae ee es eee PEPE SRE Se os assoccck se seee cero: 27.68 32. 20 
Rentosans @ i505 2022s Seen Ba tk Sea et See a ee ee Perea he) 26.51 
Proven @. soso St ce. 3 ee ee ee ee ee | 3. 50 4.07 
ASR Son oe ewes s ciinons oak ets be deka ke ae re, eat Rea ea ee | 96 Jt? 
Soluble in boiling water: f 
Hirst, HOULS: so. 22 ssa yee See he ee ee ee Se eee ee eee 20. 83 24.23 
SECONG*MOUE se. =. ees Beek eae ae ee a ee 8.52 9.91 
Dhird Howre Ss .2 2.3 os Melee 2s | Stee eee eee 4. 37 5.08 
ROUEEAINOUT oe oc ah oo st ora Se noe ee ee 2.67 3.10 
Bifthshour 2.222252 Se ee as eS ee ee Boa) 2.94 
SEXUH HOUT 25.25 22S oe Sao eS Se ee ny Ti ee ap 1. 92 2.23 
Total. 2.2.55 24 5. coe eet Se: Oe eee 40. 84 47.49 
Soluble in 1 per cent sodium hydroxid by Gifferenceg .................-.- 62. 94 56. 80 
Residue from boiling-water treatmenth -_...... 2.22. .2 222 eee eee 46. 60 54. 22 
Residue from 1 per cent sodium-hydroxid treatment @...............-.--- 37. 06 43. 20 
a Dried at 100° to constant weight. 
b Method of Cross and Bevan, ‘‘ Cellulose,”’ p. 95. 
¢ No starch was present, but the mare hydrolyzed by hydrochlorie acid, as in the method for starch 
(see p. 66), gave the above percentage of reducing sugar calculated as starch. 
@ Bul. 65, Bureau of Chemistry, U. 8. Dept. of Agr., p. 173; Cir. 7, Bureau of Chemistry, U.S. Dept. 
Agr., revised edition, p. 1. 
eN x 6.25. 
J Twenty grams of mare were boiled with 400 ce of water under a return condenser for successive 
periods of 1 hour each; the product was filtered after each boiling through a cloth bag, the residue 
washed and returned to flask, and the filtrate evaporated and weighed. 
9 The actual amount dissolyed may be somewhat higher than is indicated here, owing to hydration 
(see footnote ‘‘h).”’ 
AIt will be noted that the sum of the residue and material extracted by boiling water is greater 
than 100 per cent (101.71 per cent dry basis), probably indicating hydration of one or both of the 
products. 
‘ Five grams of the air-dry mare were boiled with 200 ce of 1 per cent sodium hydroxid for one-half 
hour, this being the first treatment described for the determination of cellulose by the chlorination 
method deseribed by Cross and Bevan. 
It will be noted that 11.02 per cent (dry basis) is soluble in sodium 
hydroxid, and not dissolved by the hot-water treatment. But it is 
probable that longer treatment with boiling water would have removed 
larger amounts. It seems impossible to make sharp separations. It 
will also be noted that the lignin (removed by chlorin and sodium sul- 
“Seifert, Landw. Versuchs. Stat., 1894, 45:29. 
