194 
externally, transform to pup close to the remains of the host im the 
burrow or leaf mine, usually attached at the anal end by the prepupal 
excrement. I have observed a curious variation in the case of Chryso- 
charis singularis in the mine of Lithocolletis hamadryadella on oak leaves 
which I have described in the American Naturalist for January, 1881. 
In this case the Chalcidid pupa is surrounded by small excremental pil- 
lars arranged in an ellipse and connecting the roof and floor of the mime 
(Fig. 18). It can not be stated whether these pillars are formed of 
regurgitated matter or of anal excrement, although the former hypothe- 
sis seems the more propable. Itis likely that such arrangements as this 
will be found frequently when the parasites of the leaf-miners are care- 
fully studied. 7 
The internal parasites ot externally feeding larve also transform to 
outside pupz in afew instances, as with the Eulophine genera Cra- 
totechus and Sympiezus, and 
probably with other genera of 
this subfamily. These forms 
are common parasites of several 
large lepidopterous larve which 
feed on the leaves of oak and 
sycamore in the United States. 
The host larva affords food for 
a number of the parasitic larve 
and is almost entirely consumed 
== bythem. When readytotrans- 
Fie. 18.—Leaf mine of Lithocolletis hamadryadella with form, the parasitic larve crawl 
top removed showing pupaof Chrysocharissingularis Out upon the leaf, void their ex- 
and supporting pillars, slightly enlarged (original). eremen i and change to shape- 
less, dark-colored pup, nearly erect in position, the anal portion of 
the body being attached to the leaf by means of a small mass of light- 
colored excremental pellets. They seem preferably to station them- 
selves in the form of an irregular ellipse about the remains of the host 
larva, each group consisting of from 15 to 40 individuals. Scudder, 
in his ** Butterflies of New England” (p. 455), gives a happy picture of 
the appearance of the pupz of an undescribed species parasitic on the 
larva ot Vanessa atalanta, in the following words: 
And still another parasite [a species of Eulophus]. the coal-black chrysalides of 
which one may sometimes find to the number of twenty or more, standing erect on 
their hinder ends around the corpse they have destroyed, like tombstones in a cem- 
etery, a most melancholy spectacle on opening a nest to get a young caterpillar. 
In correspondence with me Mr. Scudder has always referred to these 
as ‘*my tombstone pupe,” and the term is an admirably descriptive one. 
The appearance of these larve is well illustrated in Fig. 19, which Dr. 
Riley had prepared several years ago with the intention of publishing 
it in connection with an account of some observations of his own upon 
a 
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