211 
(10) Is this identical with what is called the Phyloxera or root parasite of the Grape 
that has killed and ruined so many of the vineyards of France? 
(11) Is there danger of leaving the disease in other roots in the ground, such as 
sprouts of Oak, Hickory, Sumach, or Sassafras, and returning to new trees set out 
afterward ? 
(12) I have often seen this white, cloudy appearance on the roots, near the top of 
the ground, and in and around the young tree stock or trunk, one to three inches above 
the ground. Does this convey disease or infection to other trees near by? 
(13) Suppose a tree, intected, stands twenty feet from one that is entirely free, or, sup- 
pose an infected tree stands twenty feet in an orchard from any surrounding tree or 
trees, is there any way, by wind, air, fog, dampness, or migration, that these other 
trees could become diseased or infected ? 
(14) Are ashes (unleached) or lime the best to use in the holes of the displaced 
trees? * * * [James W. Simpson, Arkansas. 
Repty.—* * * (1) New trees costing from $4.50 to $6 per hundred would prob- 
ably cost less than the application of the remedy suggested, but the labor of taking 
up the old trees and planting the new ones is at least an offset to the labor of apply- 
ing the insecticides; and you will find after all that the remedy is cheaper. 
(2) The remedy suggested, if thoroughly applied, will be safe and sure, and it will 
not be dangerous to let the infested trees stand after they have been treated. 
(3) Whether the trees will, after treatment, become as strong, healthy, and fruit- 
ful as they would if they had not been attacked, is a question which can only be 
decided by ocular examination of their present condition. The extent to which 
they have been injured already can hardly be determined at this distance. 
(4) If new trees were planted immediately in the old holes, the probabilities are 
that some lice will have been left in some of the holes and that the new trees will 
become infested. 
(5) This plan will answer if the old earth is removed and new earth taken from 
a distance of several feet from the infested trees is filled in. 
(6) The plan proposed by your neighbors will be effectual, but that suggested in 
the answer to No. 5 will answer equally as well. 
(7) Your ground did not give the disease to the young trees, as the insect occurs 
only on the Apple and some few allied trees, such as the wild Haw and other species 
of Crataegus. 
(8) Either ashes or lime placed abundantly in the holes will destroy the few lice 
which will be left. I should say that a month of this treatment would suffice. 
(9) This question is answered under No, 7. 
(10) No. Itis quite different from Phylloxera, agreeing only in having an under- 
ground and an aérial form. 
(11) No. Only of those mentioned in No. 7. 
(12) The insect is spread by the occasional appearance of a winged generation of 
lice which fly for some distance. These usually, if not invariably, develop above 
ground on the trunk of the tree or the larger branches. 
(18) Answered under No. 12. 
(14) Either will do. I have no idea as to their relative merits in such a case. 
On the whole, I would certainly recommend you, if your orchard is. as badly in- 
fested as I infer from your account, not to plant new trees in the same orchard after 
rooting up and destroying those now in the ground without first grafting upon some 
resistant variety. This may take a little longer to renew your orchard, but will in 
_ the end be the most satisfactory course. The experience in New Zealand and Aus- 
tralia shows very fully that the Northern Spy and Winter Majetin are practically 
proof against the insect and by grafting upon these and taking care that the new 
stock does not sucker below ground, you will, in my judgment, most successfully 
contend against the insect; for, however thoroughly you may now free your orchard, 
there is nothing to prevent continual introduction in the winged form from other 
orchards in your neighborhood, even if miles away. I do not, of course, know 
