378 a 
- ferz (pines, firs, etc.) were the chief forms during Mesozoic times. So 
far the seed has been exposed. Now come the Angiosperms, in which 
the seed is protected in the ovary or pericarp, and the Monocotyledons 
(palms, sedges, ete.) precede the Dicotyledons, while of these last the 
Apetale, Polypetale. and Gamopetale succeed each other in the order 
of their naming. 
In brief, to use his own words, the development has been from the 
simple to the complex; from the flowerless to the flowering; from the 
endogenous to the exogenous; from the apetalous to the gamopetalous; 
and this succession corresponds to the best systems of classification of 
existing forms. 
Both Cryptogams and Phenogams began existence during the Silu- 
rian, and there has been a race for Supremacy ever since, with our pres- 
ent flora as the result. Itis also a fact of the greatest significance that 
the same paleontological evidence which gives us this record also tells 
us that there has been a corresponding development of insect life, from 
the lower Neuroptera and Orthoptera, which prevailed in the days when 
Anemophilous plants reigned, to the higher Hymenoptera and Lepidop- 
tera which appeared only as the higher flowering plants developed in 
the Jurassic and Cretaceous. 
i do not hesitate in this connection to refer to another of Prof. Ward’s 
conclusions set forth in one of his interesting articles, namely, that most 
of the higher flowering plants would speedily perish were insect aid 
withdrawn, and that but for such aid in the past we should now be 
without most of our gorgeous flora, and that insects have actually 
paved the way for man’s existence by the part they have played in the 
development of fruit and nut bearing plants. 
A NEW ICERYA PARASITE. 
By L. O. Howarp. 
In the last number of INSEcT LIFE we announced the finding of 
Icerya rose Riley & Howard (previously found only at Key West, 
Fla.), upon the island of Jamaica, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. Since 
the publication of this note Mr. Cockerell has reared a parasite from 
this species, which, in case it appears to be abundant, may well be 
expected to feed upon allied species of this destructive genus. He 
writes us under date of March 6, 1892: 
Some weeks ago I put a few of the Icerya (females and larve) into a glass-topped 
box in the Museum for exhibition, without any of the plant or anything else. . The 
other day, on looking at them, I saw a dead winged insect at the bottom of the box, 
and thought it must be a male Icerya, but on examination it proved to be a Chalcid 
parasite. 
