6 
West, while the gigantic sugar pine of Oregon and California furnish 
desirable soft pine material. Scattered here and there in small areas 
throughout the Western country, notably in Idaho, is found the moun- 
tain white pine (Pinus monticola), which is capable of being substituted 
for the other soft pines. 
The longleaf or Georgia yellow pine, occupies the coast plain from 
North Carolina to eastern Texas, being the dominant species over 100,- 
000 square miles of territory. It reaches its greatest development in 
western Louisiana and eastern Texas. 
The Cuban or slash pine, occupying a comparatively small territory 
near the Southern coast, is cut and sold without distinction with the 
longleaf pine. 
The shortleaf pine region is adjacent to the longleaf pine region on the 
northern side, the two species intermingling where their areas join. 
The shortleaf pine, also known in the markets as North Carolina pine, 
has its botanical northern limit in Kentucky and Missouri, and on the 
Atlantic Coast in New York, being there, however, of no commercial 
value. It reaches its highest development in Arkansas. High grade 
shortleaf pine lumber is cut in southern Missouri on a comparatively 
limited area. The principal centers of production are North Carolina, 
northern Alabama, northwest Louisiana, northeast Texas, and Arkansas. 
It occupies an area of about 70,000 square miles, but occurs scatteringly 
over a much greater area, and is of commercial importance in all the 
Southern States except Florida. 
Loblolly, or Virginia pine, occurs throughout the longleaf region and 
the southern part of the shortleaf area. It is the principal species in 
Virginia and eastern North Carolina, and occurs in abundance along 
the Gulf Coast. It is the “old field” pine of the Southern States. 
Thus far it has been of much less importance as a source of lumber 
than the other Southern pines, but it is now extensively cut and often 
mixed with other pine lumber, the principal market being Norfolk, Va. 
Spruce and fir—Maine, New Hampshire, and northern New York are 
the principal sources of these timbers. Spruce occupies also consider- 
able areas in the Allezhanies as far south as West Virginia. It forms, 
together with fir, part of the forest in the Black Hills and the Rocky 
Mountains. The lumber has taken the place of pine for joists and 
other light construction. Five-sixths of the annual cut of 1,500,000,000 
feet in Maine is of spruce; 500,000,000 feet is used in the paper pulp 
industry yearly. Since 1853 the lumber industry has completely re- 
versed its output. In that year the cut of pine on the Penobscot was 
133,000,000 feet, and of spruce 78,000,000 feet. In 1892 the cut of pine 
was 29,000,000 feet, of spruce 120,000,000 feet. In New York of a total 
cut of 447,000,000 feet in the Adirondacks 334,000,000 feet were spruce 
and about 28,000,000 feet pine. 
Douglas spruce (red fir, yellow fir) is the dominant species in the dense 
forest of western Washington and Oregon, forming about seven-eighths 
of the entire growth. It also occurs in quantities along the Rocky 
Mountains, especially in Idaho. Standing timber of all kinds in Wash- 
ington is estimated at 410,000,000,000 feet, covering 23,500,000 acres. 
The cut of the State in 1892 was 1,440,135,000 feet, of which over 275,- 
000,000 feet was in lath and shingles. Over 100,000 feet of lumber was 
shipped by rail to the East. The principal market is San Francisco, 
and over 100,000,000 feet was sold in 1892 to Australia, Hawaii, and | 
South America. 
