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Hemlock.—Pennsylvania and New York furnish the principal supply 
of hemlock lumber. The bark is used in tanning, and the logs are 
sawed into lumber, for which there is a constant demand as a substitute 
for white pine in rough construction. Hemlock is found throughout 
the Alleghanies as far south as North Carolina and Tennessee. 
Bald cypress occupies limited areas extending throughout the Southern 
States. The most extensive cypress region is in southern Louisiana and 
along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers in Mississippi, in the vicinity of 
Mobile, Ala., around Appalachicola, Fla., and along the South Atlantic 
coast. A limited quantity of cypress lumber is also cut in the lowlands 
of south Missouri, western Kentucky, and Tennessee and Arkansas. 
Red cedar.—This tree has the greatest range of any American species, 
occurring from Florida to the State of Washington. The principal 
sources of supply are the forests of central and eastern Tennessee, 
northern Alabama, and Florida. The wood is used for hollow ware and 
the manufacture of lead pencils, and the mature trees are being rapidly 
thinned out. Five million feet of red cedar is used annually in the 
bucket factories. The pencil factories use about 500,000 cubic feet of 
soft clear material. No considerable area of red cedar for these manu- 
factures exists anywhere in the country that has not been culled. 
Redwood is found exclusively in the Coast Range of California, where 
the standing timber of this kind is estimated at less than 25,000,000,000 
feet, B. M. 
Oak.—Among the fifty species of oak included in our forest flora only 
about a dozen are commonly cut for timber and these are sold in the 
market under two names—white oak, of which Quercus alba, the species, 
is the type, and red oak, of which Quercus rubra is the typical form. 
According as the other commercial species more nearly resemble one 
or other of the species named, they are classed as “white” or “red.” 
Formerly only the white oak was cut, as the wood was used almost 
exclusively for construction and for cooperage. Of late years oak has 
become a fashionable wood for furniture making and interior finish, and 
the red oaks are found quite as useful for these purposes and now have 
a recognized standing in the markets, thongh commanding a lower price 
than the white oaks. The red and white oaks are found in all American 
forests east of the Rocky Mountains, and originally large trees were 
common everywhere. The northern forest has been more heavily culled 
than the southern, so that now the principal sources of supply are the 
mixed forests south of the Ohio and Missouri rivers, with Kentucky, 
Tennessee, and West Virginia probably in the lead. Arkansas forests 
are rich in oak, and the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and 
Indiana supply a large demand. On account of the number of species, 
and the fact that the oaks only grow in mixed forests, no estimate of the 
standing timber can be made. The present annual cut is estimated at 
3,000,000,000 feet, B. M., of which more than half comes from States 
south of the Missouri and Ohio rivers. 
Hickory,—This wood is used principally in bolt sizes for wagon stock. 
Like the oaks, several species are sold under the one commercial name, 
and the genus has a wide distribution throughout the Eastern forests. 
The principal sources of supply are Kentucky and Tennessee, though 
much good hickory is cut in Arkansas and West Virginia. The forests 
of Indiana, once the principal center of the hickory trade, are now 
largely exhausted. The annual cut is estimated at 250,000,000 feet. 
Ash.—The principal source of supply of ash timber is western Ten- 
