io Announcement of the 



106. Ecology. — This course serves as a general introduction to 

 ecological field work and the methods of ecological research, with 

 particular reference to the study pi plant associations. Practice is 

 given in the recognition of associations, the determination and de- 

 scription of their structure and successful relations, and the measure- 

 ment of some environmental factors. Particular attention is given 

 to the dynamic factors of the environment, to their effect on the 

 present structure and future development of the plant community, 

 and to the role of the individual plant in promoting or retarding 

 these effects. Because of the large number of associations in the 

 region, it is impossible to study more than the most important ones. 

 These include the aspen association, the hardwood forest, the tama- 

 rack and sphagnum bog, the arbor-vitae bog, and t\he sand dunes, 

 lagoons, and beaches along the lake shore. 



Tuesday and Thursday. Four hours credit. Assistant Professor 

 Gates. 



Prerequisite : Course 104 at the Station, or Course 26 or 22 at 

 the University, or graduate standing. 



This course gives full credit to graduate students. 



108. Plant Anatomy. — The general facts and principles of plant 

 anatomy are presented by means of material collected and prepared 

 by each student individually. Students thus have practice in the 

 preservation of material, methods of fixa/.ion, section cutting, and 

 staining. Every facility will be given for the collection and pres- 

 ervation of material for use in teaching or in research. The topics 

 chiefly considered are the anatomy and secondary thickening of the 

 stem and the structure of the root and the foliage leaf. The modifi- 

 cations of the structure of the leaf in different environments will be 

 considered. 



Monday. Two hours credit. Dr. Holman, and Assistant. 



Prerequisite : Elementary collegiate botany. 



no. Advanced Systematic Botany. — In the field, the student 

 will have practice in the identification and recognition of plants be- 

 longing to the more difficult groups, including grasses, sedges, pond- 

 weeds, and others, and in the identification of plants from fruit or 

 leaf characters only. The characteristics of these families will be 

 presented both in the field and by lecture. The lectures will also 

 consider the evolution and relationships of the angiosperms, the 

 rules of botanical nomenclature, and the present trend of systematic 

 botany. 



Friday. Two hours credit. Dr. Ehlers. 



Prerequisite : botany 104 at the Station, or Botany 22 at the 

 University, or equivalent preparation elsewhere. 



This course gives full credit to graduate students. 



