Richard Franz, Judy Bauer and Tom Morris 



and loss of pigmentation); troglophiles may complete their life cycles 

 in caves, as well as in certain non-cave habitats, and do not show the 

 extreme morphological adaptations that are usually reserved for troglobites; 

 trogloxenes regularly are encountered in caves but can not complete 

 their life cycles in them; accidentals are species that do not normally 

 inhabit caves but for one reason or another had taken refuge in specific 

 caves at the time of visitation. 



We follow Frank and McCoy (1989) in their uses of the terms 

 indigenous and precinctive, rather than native and endemic. Based on 

 their interpretations, "indigenous" is preferred to "native" because 

 the latter has "subsidiary meanings in English;" "precinctive" is restricted 

 to taxa that are indigenous and "known from no other area." 



HISTORY OF FLORIDA BIOSPELEOLOGY 

 Early Period (1893-1897)— Florida biospeleology began in 1893 

 with the discovery of white crayfishes in a hand-dug well at Lake 

 Brantley, near Orlando, Seminole County. This crustacean was named 

 Cambarus acherontis by its collector, the Swedish naturalist Einar 

 Lonnberg (Lonnberg 1894, 1895). 



The next discoveries occurred in 1894 while H. G. Hubbard, the 

 noted entomologist who worked as a Special Agent of the U.S. Entomological 

 Commission (United States Department of Agriculture), was visiting 

 colleagues, W. T. Webber and H. J. Swingle at Eustis, Florida. According 

 to Hubbard (1901:395-396), after receiving word of caves in Hernando 

 and Citrus counties, they traveled the 30 or 40 miles (48-64 km) from 

 Eustis to explore caves at "Istachatta on the Withlacoochie River" 

 and "Double Hammock country, in Citrus County." At Double Hammock, 

 they encountered a large "cavern, 75 to 100 feet deep, in a hillside of 

 open pine woods." They noted "white crawfish very much like those 

 in the Mammoth Cave," bats, streblid flies (Trichobius major), mites, 

 "hairy Muscid" (fly), minute black gnats, spiders, "Hemipteron," molds, 

 and cave fungi. They named this cave Gum Tree Cavern (later called 

 Gum Cave or Sweet Gum Cave) because of a large sweet gum tree 

 that grew on the verge of the sinkhole entrance. Their collection of 

 white crayfishes from this cave currently resides in the crustacean 

 collection at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Faxon 

 (1898) examined these specimens, but failed to recognize their unique- 

 ness. He assigned them to Lonnberg's Cambarus acherontis, an 

 interpretation that was followed by Harris (1903) and Ortmann (1902, 

 1905). The Gum Tree Cavern specimens were eventually described as 

 Cambarus (=Procambarus) lucifugus lucifugus by Horton H. Hobbs, 

 Jr. (1940fl). In addition, there was a single specimen of Troglocambarus 



