‘ 
594.  ~ Thefix and thirtieth Booke 
one with another. Moreover,to lay a wall artificially and to bind the ftones well,they oughtinalk G 
ternative courfe to ride & reach one over another halfe,fo that the joint may fall outin the mids 
of a ftone both above and under; aneceflarie pointto bee confidered in the very mids of a wall 
if it be poffible : ifnot fo, yet in any cafe toward the fides and ends thereof: as for the middle of 
the wall within, it would be well ftuffed and filled with any rubbifh, rammell, and broken ftones. 
There is a kind ofnet-worke building in mafonry called Di@tyotheton, ordinarily ufedin Rome, 
but fubject it is to cracke and chinke. In {um, a wall would be built by ruleand {quire, byline and 
Jevell, and anfwerable to the plumbe. ae 
Cuar, XX1th 
O& Of Cifferns and Lime : of fundrie forts of Sand : of the tempering of Sand and Lime Hi 
ragither for mortar : of faults in Mafonrie. of Pargetting andather | ‘* 
Rough-casting : of the proportion of Columns and Pillars. 
Orto make good cifterns which might hold water, the mortar that goeth thereto oughtto 
be made of five parts of fine pure {and and gravelly togither, to two parts of the moft ftrong 
and binding lime that may be gotten ; providedalwais that the fragments of flint which are 
to be emploied herein, be finall,and exceed not the weight of one pound apeece:thisdone,not 
onely the bottome or paving, but the fide- walls and the endsyought to be rammed downe hard 
with yron beetles: howbeit,for to keepe good and cleare water, it were the better way tohave al- _ 
waies two cifterns cogither, that in the former the water may fettle & caft downe allthe grounds J 
to the bottome, and fo the cleare water onely paffe into the other asif ic were {trained througha 
fine colondre, As touching lime, Cato Cenforius difalloweth that whichis made of divers ftones, 
or of fundrie colours :and to {peake a truth, white ftones are better to make lime than the hard, - 
and {uch is more meet to lay {tone withall in mafonrie;howbeit the liave which commeth ofhol- 
low and fiftulous ftones, is thought to ferve better for to cover and parget walls, The lime which 
commeth of flint, is rejeted both forthe one and the other :alfo the lime made of ftones dig- 
ed outof thegtound, isfar better than of pebbles gathered from river fides: that which com- 
meth of milftones is moft profitable, for itis more fattie and glutinous than others, A ftraunge 
and wonderfull matter itis, that any thing after ic hath been once burnt and calcined, fhould be 
fet on fire againe with water. And thus much of Lime, K 
Astouching Sand,there be three kinds thereof: the oneis digged out of pitts in the ground, 
and this requireth a fourth part of lime to bee put unto itin making mortar:afecondcommeth 
out of river fides or the fea fhore,and this would havea third part's and ifthere be befides another — 
third part of pottherds beaten to powder and put thereto, the ftuffe or mortar will be the better, 
Betweeve the Apennine hill and the river Po,there is no fand digged out of the ground, ne yet 
any feafand at all. And verely,the greateft reafon that cities fall to decay andbe fo ruinat, is this, 
For thatthe mortar beeing robbed of the due proportion of lime, hath northat binding as 1 
ouvght,and fo the walls built therewith are not fodred accordingly. Alfo, this would be obferved, i 
that mortar theelder thacit is, the better it is found for building. Moreover,in theoldlawswhich _ ‘ 
provide for the perpetuitie of houfes in auncient time, wee find it expreflely fetcdowne,Thatthe J, ~~ 
undertaker to build a houfe at a certaine price, (hall ufe no mortar under three yeers of age: and 
this was the reafon that in thofedaiesa man fhould not fee any rovgh-eaftor parget to rife or 
chawne illfavouredly as now they doe :and in truth, unleffe there be laid upon walls threecoats 
or couches (as it were) of mortar made with fand and lime, andtwo courfes over them/of other 
mortar made of marble grit and lime tempered togither, the walls will nor be permanent nor o- 
therwife faire and refplendent as they ought to be: and looke where wallsbe dampifhand givem 
to {weat acertaine falt humour or fal-petre,it were verie well to lay a ground underneath of mor- 
tar made of the pouder of potfheardsand lime wrought togither. In Greece they have acaltby 
themfelves, to temper and beat in morters, the mortar made of lime and fand wherewith they ‘ 
meaneto parget and cover their walls, with a: great wooden peftill. Asfor the mortat made of Mf 
marble-grit and lime togither,the true mark to know whether jit have making fufficient for buil- 
ding is this, namely, if itwillnot fticke tothe fhovell that worketh it, butwill come outof the 
heapeneat and cleane: but contrariwife,in whiting and fret-worke, the lime being foked and wet 
in water,ought to cleave faft like glew ; neither ought it tobee tempered with water, butin ye 
; ee 
fae | 
