The Genus Hylastes, Er. 157 
From the point of view of this paper, preventive and remedial measures 
may be divided into two classes—silvicultural and special. Silvicultural 
measures are those which are completely in the hands of the forester, and 
are chiefly preventive measures. Special measures are those which are 
somewhat without the province of the forester, and are both preventive 
and remedial. Special measures should be used only when silvicultural 
measures fail or are too late in application. | 
As regards Hylastes silvicultural measures consist of careful management 
of thinnings, arrangement of felling and planting, and barking of all timber 
and stumps immediately on felling. _ 
Hylastes palliatus is, in the writer’s opinion, best controlled by silvicultural 
measures. Regular thinning of growing woods, cutting out of sickly and 
suppressed stems, and the barking of all timber immediately on felling, 
together with the burning of the bark peeled off, will deprive H. palliatus 
of its breeding-ground and render it innocuous. Such measures involve no 
extra work for the forester if he is managing his woods properly. 
With Aylastes ater and H. cunicularius such measures are of less 
value, as these beetles are enemies of the young plantation during the first 
few years of its existence. Silvicultural measures against these root-feeders 
consists of careful planting and planning of felling and planting. There 
is little doubt that if the system known as Natural Regeneration of woods 
were more fully employed H. ater and H. cuniewlarius would soon become 
negligible as forest pests. This system, however, is more costly and trouble- 
some than planting. It implies careful management of all woods and 
precludes extra-ordinary fellings such as are occurring at present, owing 
to the scarcity of timber and the prevailing high prices. Further, it also 
implies the extinction of the rabbit. 
The planning of felling and planting is also a difficult matter in present- 
day forestry. It involves a strict following of the working-plan, and, like 
Natural Regeneration, precludes extra-ordinary fellings. The aim in planning 
fellings is so to arrange them that areas about to be planted shall be as far 
removed as possible from areas about to be felled. The object in this is 
to prevent such pests as the Pine Weevil and the two Hylastes from finding 
breeding-ground and feeding-ground in close proximity. On large estates 
such an arrangement of fellings may be distinctly useful as a preventive 
measure against these pests, but on small estates it 1s impossible. 
Careful planting is the best weapon the forester has against Hy/lastes, 
Strong, healthy, well-rooted plants undoubtedly are less liable to attack 
than poorly-rooted plants, and even when attacked are better able to 
resist. The system known as notching, whether it is mere dibbling or 
