Eudemis nevana, Hb., the Holly Tortrix Moth. 165 
is full fed about the end of June or beginning of July. About the same 
time the leaves of the bud, by reason of their growth, break the webbing 
that has spun them together, and the apex of the shoot becomes exposed. 
The caterpillar now seeks a retreat for pupation, often letting itself down by 
a thread to a lower branch. It may wander for a couple of days, and usually 
spins itself up finally between two contiguous leaves. Here it shrinks 
very considerably, and moulting for the fourth time passes into the pupal 
state about a week after it has ceased to feed. The moths emerge in from 
two to three weeks (seventeen days in some observed cases). 
INJURY TO THE TREE. 
The ultimate injury to the tree consists in the eating off of four or 
five of the youngest leaves, and usually in the destruction of the growing 
point, so that by the end of June infested shoots will only have supplied 
to the tree two, three, or four new leaves—the outer leaves of the bud, 
all more or less mutilated by gnawing—instead of the 9-12 leaves 
furnished by a healthy, normally elongated shoot. Further, the disfigurement 
during the infestation, owing to accumulations of frass and the distortion 
of the leaves produced by the webbings, gives to the trees a very unsightly 
appearance. 
It is true that later in the season vigorous trees make up for the loss of 
new foliage by putting forth some younger leaves, either from the leading 
shoot, when the growing point has not been destroyed, or from lateral 
buds. The common holly, Llex aquifolium, makes an especially good 
recovery in this way. But many trees recover only partially, the leaves 
of the new crop making but puny growth, while the damaged leaves below 
remain a permanent disfigurement to the year’s shoots. Further, the trees 
which have been infested always present a more irregular, and less pleasing 
appearance than those which have suffered no check to the natural manner of 
their growth. 
DETAILED ACCOUNT OF LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS. 
My observations began in February 1916. As already stated #. nevana 
is at this time of the year still hibernating as an embryo within the egg. 
The Lgg is scale-like, oval, scarcely 1 mm. in length, and about ? mm. 
in breadth, and adheres to the leaf by one surface (Fig. 5). It consists of a 
yellow or orange coloured yolk, enclosed in a double pellicle, which, viewed 
from the free surface, appears as a transparent membranous zone encirling 
the yolk. The inner pellicle is smooth, very thin and transparent ; the outer 
is thicker, and, though it is also transparent, shows a honeycomb pattern. 
