168 Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society. 
and formed a perfect tube in which the caterpillar was concealed, and where 
it moulted. This caterpillar being about to moult did not eat while spinning. 
Another caterpillar was removed from its own bud to another, of which 
the oldest leaves were fairly large and had expanded. The caterpillar, standing 
on a leaf, of which the two halves were still somewhat folded together 
began spinning between this leaf and the one next below it. In 14 hour it 
had drawn the two leaves together to form a three-sided tube, the open side 
of the partially folded leaf being closed by the inner face of the other leaf. 
The third moult takes place when the larva has grown to 9 mm.; this 
occurs about the middle of June in my experience. The coloration is the same 
in the fourth as in the third instar. It is now that the depredations become 
most conspicuous. Normally, in uninfested hollies, the season’s buds have 
developed into shoots of 6 inches in length, by the third week of June, 
bearing 8-9 leaves, the oldest of which have attained full growth. The 
webbings spun by the caterpillars prevent the expansion of the infested 
shoots. The leaf-stalks and less damaged leaves nevertheless make some 
growth, which results in the shoots assuming the appearance of large, 
bulging, distorted buds disfigured by gnawed patches, with masses of frass. 
mixed up in the meshes of larval webbings. Below these large, misshapen 
buds (Fig. 6) there may be as previously stated 2-4 less damaged leaves, 
saved by the elongation of their internodes from prolonged injury, and, 
through subsequent growth, possessing enough healthy tissue to enable them, 
in spite of their mutilations, to perform their functions. 
In another 10-14 days the big buds just described are disappearing, 
because the outer leaves, distorted and largely gnawed though they are, 
have, by their growth, ruptured the webbings that bound them. It is then 
seen that the youngest leaves have been totally destroyed (Fig. 7). The 
apex of the shoot itself is often eaten off. The larva, now full fed, measures 
12-13 mm. It moves to a lower position upon the branch, searching for a 
suitable place where it may spin up for pupation. After wandering for a 
day or two! it finally comes to rest, most often between two contiguous 
leaves, and encloses itself in a very dense silken sheath, or cocoon (Fig. 1), 
shrinks very considerably, and, after lying still for four or five days, moults 
for the fourth time, to become a pupa. 
- The Pupa measures 7-74 mm. in length. At first of a pale yellow 
colour, it soon changes to orange and later to brown. As it matures, the 
eyes, antenne, and thoracic appendages of the imago become more and more 
1 The larvee are in a very unprotected state during this wandering, and I believe many 
of them fall a: prey to birds. In the summer of 1916 the very wet weather that prevailed 
at the beginning of July proved fatal to a large number of them. 
