XIV 



of the humerus, from which is given off, about halfway along its course, a thin band of tendon 

 which runs to the ulnar side of the arm, and is there lost in the general fascia. In TJrogalha the 

 main tendon, before it reaches the extensor muscle, sends off a special " wristward " slip, which 

 joins that muscle nearer the hand. 



The Mcei^s slip to the patagium is absent ; but there is a well-developed " expansor secun- 

 dariorum" which terminates interthoracically in a X-shaped tendon (" ciconiiform," Garrod). 

 Of this the much larger posterior moiety runs to be attached to the costal process of the sternum, 

 whilst the other is attached to the scapula close to its glenoid extremity. The deltoid extends 

 about halfway down the humerus, and has a special tendinous slip from the scapula. The tricejts 

 has no humeral slip, arising entirely from the scapula. 



In the leg the gluteus primus and quintus muscles are quite absent, as are also the amhiens 

 and accessory femoro-caudal. The accessory semitendinosus is small, and in Urogalha quite 

 absent. The "formula" for the Galbulidse is therefore: — A. XY, orA. X*. The oUurator 

 internus is small and oval. The deep flexor tendons of the leg are arranged as in the Pici, the 

 flexor longns hallucis supplying both the second and fourth toes as well as the first, the flexor 

 perforans digitorum the third alone. There is a small vinculum developed between the two 

 main tendons. 



c. Osteology. 



Very little appears to have been published on the osteology of the Galbulidae. Blanchardf 

 has described and figured the sternum of Galbula rufo-viridis, and has insisted on its likeness to 

 that of Todus, Bucco, and Megalcema'^, Avhilst Prof. Huxley, in his paper on the classification 

 of birds, has devoted a line and a half to the consideration of the skull of Galbula, which he 

 states " closely resembles " that of Bucco. 



Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Salvin, I have by me skeletons of three species of this group — 

 namely, Galbula chalcotliorax, G. viridis, and Brachygalba lugubris; and I have also examined 

 skulls of Jacamerops grandis (an imperfect one extracted from a skin) and Galbula rufo-viridis. 



I have taken Galbula clialcothorax as the type for the following notes : — 



In the skull the interorbital and internasal septa are largely ossified, as are the nasal carti- 

 lages, with which last, as also with the internasal septum, the somewhat spongy maxillo-palatine 

 processes unite, as they also do too with each other, across the middle line, so that the palate is 

 completely " desmognathous." The palatines, which are flattened plates, obliquely truncated 

 posteriorly, develop along the inner margin posteriorly a downwardly directed keel, which 

 anteriorly meets its fellow of the opposite side in the middle line, just behind, though quite 

 free from, the more anteriorly situated bridge formed by the maxillo-palatines. The vomer is 

 apparently absent. The pterygoids are nearly straight, somewhat compressed rods of bone. 

 There are no basipterygoid facets. The foramen magnum is very large, and, with the general 

 occipital region, looks backwards and downwards. The ectethmoid is large and spongy. The 

 lachrymal is not ankylosed to the rest of the skull ; it is separated by a narrow chink from the 



* Cf. Garrod, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 123, and Coll. Papers, p. 222. 

 t Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), Zool., xi. pp. 122-124, pi. v. figs. 16-18 [1859]. 



X Eyton, in his ' Osteologia Avium ' (p. 55), has very briefly described some points of the skeleton cf a Galbula (of an 

 unknown species), and has given measurements of the various bones. 



