90 William C. McComb and Robert L. Rumsey 



Carolina chickadees used areas with greater (P<0.05) understory 

 species richness in the spring (x = 7.3 species/ 4 m^) than in the winter (x 

 = 6.6), and tufted titmice used areas with lower (P<0.05) leaf cover (a 

 more open canopy) (x = 46.4%) in the spring than in the winter (x = 

 63.5%). 



Winter Birds. — Bird species diversity, equitability, and richness did 

 not vary significantly among treatments nor among aspects (P>0.05). 

 Winter bird density was higher on clearcuts, 23 kg/ ha, and 45 kg/ ha 

 plots than on the control plots (P<0.05) (Table 2), and bird density on 

 ridge-tops (x = 1.1 bird/ plot/ visit) (P<0.05) was higher than on north 

 facing slopes (x = 0.53 birds/ plot/ visit) (P<0.05). South-facing and rid- 

 getop areas are warmer than north-facing slopes throughout the day- 

 light hours and probably influenced bird activity (Shields and Grubb 

 1974). 



Hairy woodpecker abundance was similar among treatments, but 

 they used south-facing slopes (17 individuals) more than north-facing 

 slopes (7 individuals), and they were observed using plot edges (20 indi- 

 viduals) more than plot centers (4 individuals) (P<0.05). Carolina 

 chickadee abundance was similar among treatments, but they used 

 ridge-tops (25 individuals) more than north-facing slopes (5 individuals) 

 (P<0.05). Strelke and Dickson (1980) found breeding Carolina chicka- 

 dees associated with pine-hardwood clearcut edges in Texas. Carolina 

 chickadee numbers were correlated with distance to the nearest stump 

 (r =+ 50.6), slope (r =- 50.5), and understory density (r =+ 49.4) (P< 0.05). 

 Distance to stumps on plots used by chickadees (23.2 m; SD = 7.1) 

 differed significantly (P<0.05) from overall stump distance (17.4 m; SD 

 = 7.9). Large, soft stumps may afford roosting sites for chickadees. 



White-breasted nuthatch abundance was similar among aspects 

 (P>0.05), but more individuals were observed on 45 kg/ ha plots than 

 on any other treatment except 23 kg/ ha plots (P<0.05) (Table 2). 

 White-breasted nuthatch numbers were correlated with log length (r = 

 + 51.1). Log presence indicates prior snag presence so nuthatches may be 

 using an area that recently had snags present. Plots used by wintering 

 white-breasted nuthatches had higher crown cover (x = 57.5%), lower 

 understory diversity (x = 4.73), and lower understory density (x = 26.3 

 stems/ 4 m^) than overall plot means (x = 31.6, 5.15, and 36.2, respec- 

 tively). Wintering white-breasted nuthatches occurred on plots with 

 open crowns, sparse understory, and many long logs on the ground. 



Red-bellied woodpeckers used ridge-tops (13 individuals) more 

 than south- or north-facing slopes (2 individuals each) and they were 

 found more frequently at plot edges (12 individuals) than centers (5 

 individuals) (P<0.05). Red-bellied woodpecker numbers were negatively 

 correlated with slope (r = 45.7), a result of their use of ridge sites. 



