100 Rowland M. Shelley 



each podomere, rarely with fewer spurs; caudal coxopleurae with medial 

 borders strongly elevated and extended caudad, apically acuminate with 

 blackened subapical spurs (Figs. 40-41). 



Variation. The NCSM specimen from Sipan Island, Croatia, lacks 

 the ventral spur on the left prefemur (Fig. 40), which contrasts with 

 the normal condition as in the specimen from Portugal (Fig. 41). One 

 caudal leg on a ZMH specimen from Rijeka (= Fiume), Croatia, is 

 much smaller, appears to be regenerating, and lacks both spurs. 



Ecology. To my knowledge, no habitat information has been published 

 on T. erythrocephalus. However, Kos (1992) records it from mediterranean 

 and submediterranean districts in Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, and 

 Montenegro. 



Distribution. European, occurring in two areas segregated by some 

 992 km (620 mi), one in the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic 

 Sea, extending from the Istrian peninsula of Croatia to the southern 

 coastal extremity of Montenegro below Lake Scutari and probably also 

 into Albania, including offshore islands along the coast of Croatia, 

 and the other in Spain and Portugal, probably along the Mediterranean 

 Coast south of Barcelona and the Atlantic Ocean west of the Strait 

 of Gibralter (Figs. 44, 45). The following literature records cannot 

 be placed today because they refer to general areas instead of specific 

 sites and because of political changes in the Balkan peninsula during 

 the First and Second World Wars and the currently chaotic situation 

 in this war-torn region: Kraepelin (1903) — Hungary, Dalmatia (southern 

 coastal Croatia), Portugal, and Italy, the last erroneously referring to 

 P. zwierleini; and Attems (1930) — Montenegro, Dalmatia, "Kroatisches 

 Litorale" (roughly equivalent to Dalmatia), Istria, South Hungary, and 

 Portugal. However, enough specimens and specific literature records 

 exist that the distribution in the Balkans can be defined as the Adriatic 

 coastal region from the Istrian peninsula to the southern extremity 

 of Montenegro, extending inland some 48 km (30 mi) to Mostar, Bosnia- 

 Hercegovina. The last record may represent dispersal up the Neretva 

 River Valley, which flows through Mostar to the Adriatic Sea. Fewer 

 specimens and specific literature records are available from the Iberian 

 Peninsula, but they suggest occurrence in a narrow band along the 

 Mediterranean Coast from Barcelona to Gibralter, and continuing along 

 the Atlantic Ocean into Algarve Province, Portugal. The available evidence 

 thus indicates a primarily coastal distribution for T. erythrocephalus 

 in both the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas, and the question mark in 

 Figure 44 is placed in southern Portugal because of the known coastal 

 records in Spain. The specimens examined, and literature and other records, 

 are as follows; where the name of a city has changed from that in the 



