82 Christopher King Beachy 



Capinera, J. L. 1979. Qualitative variation in plants and insects: effect of 



propagule size on ecological plasticity. American Naturalist 114:350- 



361. 

 Crump, M. L. 1981. Variation in propagule size as a function of envi- 

 ronmental uncertainty for tree frogs. American Naturalist 117:724-737. 

 Crump, M. L. 1984. Intraclutch egg size variability in Hyla crucifer 



(Anura: Hylidae). Copeia 1984:302-308. 

 Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of amphibians. McGraw- 

 Hill, New York, New York. 

 Kaplan, R. H. 1979. Ontogenetic variation in "ovum" size in two species 



of Ambystoma. Copeia 1979:348-350. 

 Kaplan, R. H. 1980. The implications of ovum size variability for 



offspring fitness and clutch size within several populations of 



salamanders {Ambystoma). Evolution 34: 51-64. 

 Kaplan, R. H. 1985. Maternal influences on offspring in the California 



newt, Taricha torosa. Copeia 1985:1028-1035. 

 Kaplan, R. H. 1987. Developmental plasticity and maternal effects of 



reproductive characteristics in the frog, Bombina orientalis. 



Oecologia 71:273-279. 

 Kaplan, R. H., and W. S. Cooper. 1984. The evolution of developmental 



plasticity in reproductive characteristics: an application of the 



"adaptive coin-flipping" principle. American Naturalist 123:671-689. 

 Lewontin, R. C. 1966. On the measurement of relative variability. 



Systematic Zoology 15:141-142. 

 McGinley, M. A., D. H. Temme, and M. A. Geber. 1987. Parental 



investment in variable environments: theoretical and empirical 



considerations. American Naturalist 130:370-398. 

 Petranka, J. W. 1984. Incubation, larval growth, and embryonic and larval 



survivorship of smallmouth salamanders {Ambystoma texanum) in 



streams. Copeia 1984:862-868. 

 Pfingsten, R. A., and F. L. Downs, eds. 1989. Salamanders of Ohio. Ohio 



Biological Survey Bulletin, New Series 7(2):1-315. 

 Shoop, C. R. 1974. Yearly variation in larval survival of Ambystoma 



maculatum. Ecology 55:440-444. 

 Smith, C. C, and S. D. Fretwell. 1974. The optimal balance between size 



and number of offspring. American Naturalist 108:499-506. 

 Smith-Gill, S. J. 1983. Developmental plasticity: developmental conver- 

 sion versus phenotypic modulation. American Zoologist 23:47-55. 

 Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W.H. Freeman and 



Company, San Francisco, California. 

 Wake, D. B. 1966. Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless 



salamanders, family Plethodontidae. Memoirs of the Southern 



California Academy of Science 4:1-111. 

 Wilbur, H. M. 1977. Propagule size, number, and dispersion pattern in 



Ambystoma and Asclepias. American Naturalist 111:43-68. 



Accepted 23 March 1992 



