88 Michael D. Stuart and Grover C. Miller 



per turtle. Raush (1947) examined 19 box turtles in Ohio and found 

 one turtle to host 27 specimens of B. salamandrae. Rankin (1945) 

 listed the species distribution as worldwide, but Yamaguti (1971) listed 

 only Palearctic and Nearctic hosts. Rankin (1945) noted a correlation 

 between the terrestrial habits of certain amphibian hosts and a high 

 level of prevalence, suggesting that terrestrial invertebrates were probably 

 involved in transmission. Denton (1962) reported snails and slugs, 

 Praticollela berlandieriana (Moricand), Derocerceras reticulatwn (=Agriolimax 

 agrestis) (Mier), and Mesodon thyroideus (Say) as suitable experimental 

 first intermediate hosts. Both motile and encysted cercariae were shed 

 in secreted mucus. Uninfected P. berlandieriana, D. reticulatum, Triodopsis 

 texasiana (=Polygyra texasiana) (Moricand), Anguispira alternata (Say), 

 and Bulimulus alternatus (Say) became infected within 2-10 days after 

 being exposed to infected first intermediate hosts, thus serving as 

 second intermediate hosts. Jordan (1963) and Jordan and Byrd (1967) 

 added Triodopsis caroliensis (Lea) and Mesodon inflectus (Say) to 

 the list of first intermediate hosts and T. caroliensis, M. inflectus, 

 Zonitoides aboreus (Say), Gastrocopta contracta (Say), Stenotrema 

 barbigerum (Redfield), Philomycus carolianus (Bosc), and Deroceras 

 laeve (Miiller) as second intermediate hosts. Cheng (1958) reported 

 development of nonencysted metacercariae in Ventridens ligera 

 {-Zonitoides ligerus) (Say). The definitive host presumably becomes 

 infected by consuming snails with encysted metacercariae, because both 

 Klimstra and Newsome (1960) and Stuart and Miller (1987) found 

 that gastropods comprise a large percentage of box turtle diets. Given 

 the broad range of first and second intermediate hosts that B. 

 salamandrae is capable of infecting and the high frequency of these 

 taxa in box turtle diets, it is surprising that the prevalence of infection 

 is so low. 



Telorchis robustus Goldberger, 1911 — Wharton (1940) redefined 

 the genus Telorchis and its species. We used his species key to 

 identify Telorchis robustus from the box turtles in our study. Goldberger 

 (1911) described T. robustus from a box turtle collected in Maryland, 

 and Krull (1936) stated the trematode was common in Maryland box 

 turtles. Bennett and Sharp (1938) found T robustus in 38% (13/34) 

 of Terrapene c. triunguis (Agassiz) examined in Louisiana. The number 

 of worms ranged from three to nine, with an average of five worms 

 per turtle. They also reported T. robustus from 12% (8/65) Sternotherus 

 odoratus (Latreille) with an average infected of 10 worms per animal 

 and a range of 1-28. Rausch (1947) reported Telorchis sp. from 1 of 

 19 box turtles in Ohio and T. robustus in four of eight Clemmys 

 guttata (Schneider). The latter averaged two worms per turtle with a 

 maximum of four. Thirteen of 35 turtles in our study had ^25 worms 



